How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go Essay Example for Free

How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go EssayIn the wise Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro Ruth extremitys to confront her as being better than other clones. Ruth portrays herself in this matter because she does not want to be a typical clone. This is because a clones barely purpose is to donate organs. For physical exertion in the text it states what youve got to realize, she said to Chrissie, is that even though Tommy was at Hailsham he isnt like a real Hailsham student. He was left out of everything and people were always laughing at him. So theres no point in asking him somewhat anything like this (Page 155). With this repeat one stern see that Ruth is trying to down grade Tommy and make her wait special by inferring that she is qualified for deferrals and Tommy is not.Also in the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro it states For the first weeks after we arrived, she made a ample deal of it, always putting her arm around Tommy, sometimes snagging him in the corner of a room while other people were still about (Page 120). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to make herself feel superior because she is in a couple and the others are not. Another example thats Ruth wants to better then other clones is in the novel when if states She was the one always pretending to have finished anything anyone happened to be reading and she was the only one with this notion that the way to demonstrate your superior reading was to go around telling people the plots of novels they were in the middle of (Page 123). With this quote one can see the effort Ruth puts in to try to be better than the other clones by reading books before everyone else to be able to rub in their faces that she knows the plot already.Also in the text it states Ruth came a step closer.My best horse, she said, is thunder. I cant let you ride on him. Hes much too dangerous. But you can ride Bramble, as long as you dont use your crop on him (Page 46). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to be special by stating that only shecan ride the best house and Kathy cannot. Last merely not least in the novel Ruth states I know how it worried you, she said. I should have told you, I should have said how it was the same for me too. scantily the way you described it.You realise all of this I know. But you didnt back then, and I should have said. I should have told you how ever though I was with Tommy I couldnt resist doing it with other people sometimes (Page 231-232) with this quote one can see that Ruth is confessing that she was trying to be better than Kathy because Kathy at one time told Ruth that she had desires about sex and Ruth acted as though Kathy was weird because she never had feeling such as the ones Kathy described. With these quotes from the passage it is clear that Ruth wants to portray herself as special among other clones.

Security Strategies in Web Applications Essay Example for Free

Security Strategies in Web Applications EssayWeb application design and coding defects are the principal(prenominal) reasons to create a secure coding policy and guidelines. The policy/guidelines are to provide awareness and ensure security when developing regulation. Techniques to secure mandate checkGenerally, IT analyst can divide the secure code review wait on into two different techniques 1. Automated tool based/ Black Box In this approach, the secure code review is d star using different open source/commercial tools. Mostly developers use them while they are coding, but a security analyst may also take help of them. Tools are very useful while doing code review when we implement the secure SDLC process in the organization and provide the tool to developers themselves to do a self-code review while they are coding. Also, the tools are useful in analyzing large codebase (millions of lines). They can apace identify effectiveness insecure pieces of code in the code ba se, which may be analyzed by the developer or a security analyst (Infosec). 2. manual/ White Box In this technique, a thorough code review is performed over the whole code, which may become a very tedious and thudding process.But in this process, logical flaws may be identified which may not be possible using automated tools, such as traffic logic problems. Automated tools are mostly capable of finding technical flaws such as injection attacks but may miss flaws like government agency problems. In this process, instead of going line by line through whole code base, we can concentrate on potential problems in the code. Those potential vulnerabilities can be given a high priority. For example, in C/C++, if we try to find any copying function in the code and check whether its using functions such as, strcpy() for performing copy function. As we know, strcpy() is known to be vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. We may also compliments to check if any customized encryption is bein g used in the application, which automated tools may miss as they can identify standard algorithms only(Infosec). Introducing security into NISTs Five SDLC PhasesInitiation Phase Consists of all activities used to identify the different requirements from all stakeholders. This includes defining stakeholders, conducting stakeholder interviews and possibly some basic prototyping. It is also burning(prenominal) to identify security requirements (Harwood, 2011). Development Acquisition Phase Transition functional and technical requirements into detailed plans for an actual information system. Results from interviews, use cases, and mock ups are veritable into sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, state diagrams, and other artifacts that can be interpreted by software developers. User interfaces are also defined in greater detail (Harwood, 2011). Implementation Assessment Phase Actual coding of an information system.All of the analysis and design artifacts previously created are t ransformed into application code by developers/programmers. This phase also includes testing and debugging (Harwood, 2011). Operations Maintenance Phase Encompasses all activities required to keep the system working as intended (monitoring, assemble management, application fault remediation and audits). Disposition Phase Ensures that information is retained, as necessary, to conform to current legal requirements and to accommodate future technology changes that may append the retrieval method obsolete (Harwood, 2011). SummarizationThe Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process to help ensure the successful development, operation and solitude of information systems. The SDLC has numerous methodologies including Waterfall, Fountain, Spiral, Build and Fix, Rapid Prototyping, Incremental, and Synchronization and Stabilize. While they share common processes such as Design, Implementation, and testing, one of the most promising methodologies is Waterfall. It has several adv antages It is one of the most widely used and accepted methodologies and nearly all other methodologies derive from Waterfall. Its linear approach makes it easy to demonstrate where security fits into each phase. A crucial part of the SDLC is the source code review.The purpose of source code review is to discuss, exchange information, and explain the code. Explaining the code will help identify problems and may provide new solutions in the troubleshooting process. Effective code reviews can includeautomated reviews. It is vital to implement security controls at each phase of the SDLC (Harwood, 2011). beat practices should include policies and guidelines that explain that software should be free from exploitable code vulnerabilities to meet the level of confidence. The code should provide security functionality as intended. Review and maintain outgo Practices and guidelines annually. Including security early in the information system development life cycle (SDLC) will usually resul t in less expensive and more effective security than adding it to an operational system (Harwood, 2011).Works CitedHarwood, M. (2011). In Security Strategies in Web Applications and Social Networking. Burlington Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. Infosec. (n.d.). Retrieved from Infosec http//resources.infosecinstitute.com/secure-code-review-practical-approach/

Article Analysis of Gasoline Consumption Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis of Gasoline Consumption EssayGasoline is one of the most demanded resources that Americans count on to get us from point A to point B in our vehicles, and it is also used to help us heat our homes. Ethanol with gaseous state can be feature for a blended gasolene, which is better for some vehicles. The following information is from two articles appropriate for this topic. In the first article, Trends in U.S. Gasoline and Ethanol Use, and Petroleum output and Imports by Dr. Robert Wisner, a Biofuels Economist with the Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, states that Several decades ago, the U.S. was a net exporter of petroleum products. However, that picture has changed dramatically in recent age as gasoline consumption trended upward and environmental constraints on new wells plus declining production from existing wells failed to keep pace with uphill domestic demand. U.S. energy policies in the early 1990s were altered to encourage increased production of biofuels, in part because of a desire to reduce the terra firmas dependence on imported oil (Wisner, 2011). The demand for gasoline and oil is unbelievable.Some observers suggest that oil company collusion, anticompetitive mergers, or other anticompetitive cope (not market forces) may be the primary cause of higher gasoline prices. If the market price of gasoline is higher than the offset price, a minus set up in the demand and curve testament result. The negative slope of the demand curve for buyers will mean that the measuring stick demanded will be less than the equilibrium measuring. A positive slope of the allow curve for sellers will mean that the quantity supplied will be greater than the equilibrium quantity hence the quantity supplied will be greater than the quantity demanded. If the market price of gasoline is below the equilibrium price will result in a negative slope and if that happens, the demand curve ensures that there will be a greater quantity demande d than at the equilibrium price. A positive slope of the supply curve ensures that there will be a smaller quantity supplied than at the equilibrium price.Hence the quantity demanded will exceed the quantity supplied. This superabundance demand will force consumers to spend more time looking for sellers who have the goods available, and to spend more time waiting in line if they do find a seller with the good. These search costs and queuing costs will lead some consumers to offer more for the good, and hence the price will head for the hills to rise. Dr. Wisner also states in the article that future trends in the nations use of these fuels will depend on a number of factors including the health of the miserliness and employment levels, automotive technology, the rate at which consumers accept hybrid automobiles, and the possibility of a sharp increase in government-mandated fleet average fuel milage requirements in the years ahead that has recently been advocated by administrati on officials. Blending of ethanol with gasoline is mandated to increase sharply in the 2012-2022 period (Wisner, 2011).Price snap bean of demand is elastic when the percent change in demands is greater than the percent change in price. Inelastic is the opposite. So, I would have to say that gasoline is dead because the demand for gas is high and even though prices are rising, people are still buying gas, just not as much as they want to purchase. If there are substitutes (such as electricity or liquid fuel) for a gasoline usually will be elastic. If there are no substitutes it will be inelastic because it is a necessity.I know that no one is happy about gas prices rising, but everyone sure does get phrenetic when the prices drop. When the price of gas increases, consumers will not purchase as much of the product as they would when prices decrease. In the second article, Explaining the variation in elasticity estimates of gasoline demand in the United States A meta-analysis by Mol ly Espey, published in Energy Journal states that Espey examined 101 different studies and found that in the short (defined as one year or less), the average price-elasticity of demand for gasoline is -0.26.That is, a 10 percent hike in the price of gasoline lowers quantity demanded by 2.6 percent. In the long-run (defined as longer than one year), the price elasticity of demand is -0.58 a 10 percent hike in gasoline causes quantity demanded to decline by 5.8 percent in the long run. In conclusion, if the price of gasoline continues to rise, there will be a decrease in the demand of the product. If the price decreases, there will be an increase in the demand of the product. When prices are high, demand is low and when prices are low, demand is high. The prices of gasoline will fluctuate because demand is always high.Referenceshttp//www.agmrc.org/renewable_energy/energy/trends-in-u-s-gasoline-and-ethanol-use-and-petroleum-production-and-importshttp//www.ftc.gov/reports/gasprices05/0 50705gaspricesrpt.pdf

Sources of noise in transistor

Sources of stochasticity in electronic uniting articulation electronic junction transistorSOURCE OF NOISE IN TRANSISTOR FOR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONAbstract-Here in this term paper, I am going to discuss the history of the transistors, its importance and its limitations. The term paper is on the sources of dissonance in transistors for disparate configurations.HISTORYA replica of the kickoff operative transistor.The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, precisely Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his kinks. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor.On 17 November 1947 scarcelytocks Bardeen and Walter Brattain, at ATT Bell Labs, observed that when electrical automobileal contacts were applied to a crystal of atomic number 32, the output big businessman was macror than the input. William Shockley saw the potential drop in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semi involveors and is considered by many to be the father of the transistor. The term was coined by John R. Pierce.IMPORTANCEThe transistor is considered by many to be the greatest invention of the twentieth-century, or as one of the greatest. It is the key active component in a great deal all youthful electronics. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a spiritedly automated process (fabrication) that achieves surprisingly low per-transistor costs.Although several companies each produce over a billion individually-packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors produced ar in coordinated circuits (often emasculated to IC, microchips or simply chips) along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic ingress consists of about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, end use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year 2002 for each man, woman, and child on Earth.The transistors low cost, flexibleness and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in ruleling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard micro adjudgeler and salvage a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.1USAGEThe bipolar stick transistor, or BJT, was the first transistor invented, and through the 1970s, was the most comm wholly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT re chief(prenominal)ed the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such a s their utility in low- forefinger devices, usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all grocery store share for digital circuits much recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and forefinger applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, potential drop regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters, motor drivers, and so forthBJT used as an electronic swop, in grounded-emitter configuration.How a transistor worksAmplifier circuit, standard common-emitter configuration.Simple circuit using a transistor.Operation graph of a transistorThe essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied amidst one mates of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor jakes control its output in attri furthere to the input signal this is called an amplifier. Or, the transistor can be used to turn legitimate on or off in a circuit standardis ed an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of rate of flow is determined by other circuit elements.The 2 types of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labelled stem, collector and emitter. A small present-day(prenominal) at petty(a) terminal can control or switch a much larger current between collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gate, source, and drain, and a potentiality at the gate can control a current between source and drain.The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will fall down between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The size of this voltage depends on the veridical the transistor is made from , and is referred to as VBE.Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power applications such as logic gates.It can be seen from the graph that once the base voltage reaches a certain level, shown at B, the current will no longer increase with increasing VBE and the output will be held at a fixed voltage.dubious discuss The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, determine of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either all off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only on and off values are relevant.TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIERThe above common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor and the transistors current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.It is important that the run parameters of the transistor are chosen and the circuit designed such that as far as possible the transistor operates within a linear pile of the graph, such as that shown between A and B, otherwise the output signal will suffer distortion.Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.From mobile phones to idiot boxs, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers however supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio faithfulness gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive.Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and clean tubes in the afore said(prenominal) circuit, as some believe tubes have a distinctive sound.Prior to the development of transistors, vacuum (electron) tubes (or in the UK thermionic valves or just valves) were the main active components in electronic equipment.ADVANTAGESThe key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications areI. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices.II. passing automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.III. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications.IV. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.V. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.VI. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.VII. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices produced more than 30 years ago are still in service.VIII. Complementary devices available, facili tating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.IX. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thusly avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications. 2LIMITATIONSI. Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.II. High power, high frequence operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum.III. On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as compared to equivalent self-colored state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity audio reproduction.IV. Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse, such as generated by a nuclear expl osion.V. semiconducting material material germanium, atomic number 14, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc.VI. Structure BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, other typesVII. Polarity NPN, PNP (BJTs) N- line of products, P-channel (FETs)VIII. Maximum power rating low, medium, highIX. Maximum operating frequency low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for frequency of transition. The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain).X. Application switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pairXI. Physical packaging through hole alloy, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modulesXII. Amplification factor hfe (transistor beta)Thus, a particular transistor may be described as silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch.The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of trans istor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The tercet terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base and collector. Two p-n junctions exist privileged a BJT the base/emitter junction and base/collector junction. The BJT is useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base current. In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is earlier biased, and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased base-collector junction and be swept into the collector perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled.Unlike the FET, the BJ T is a low-input-impedance device. Also, as the base-emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the base-emitter current and hence the collector-emitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET.Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current the collector current is approximately beta times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors.FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORSThe field-effect transistor (FET), sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in N-channel FET) or holes (in P-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source i nside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description.In FETs, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is increased, the drain-source current (Ids) increases exponentially for Vgs below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (I_ds propto (V_gs-V_T)2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the space-charge-limited region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node. For low entropy at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous.FETs are divided into dickens families junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as coat-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, as well, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.Metal-semiconductor FETs (MESFETs) are JFETs in which the reverse biased PN junction is replaced by a metal-semiconductor Schottky-junction. These, and the HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors, or HFETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suita ble for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies several GHz).Unlike bipolar transistors, FETs do not inherently amplify a photocurrent. Nevertheless, there are ways to use them, especially JFETs, as sensitive devices, by exploiting the photocurrents in channel-gate or channel-body junctions.FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can enhance the conduction. For depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can deplete the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a degrade current for P-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode as the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement mode devices most IGF ETs are enhancement-mode types.3OTHER TRANSISTORS display caseI. Point-contact transistor, first type of transistor ever constructedII. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)a. Heterojunction bipolar transistor up to atomic number 6s GHz, common in modern ultrafast and RF circuitsb. Grown-junction transistor, first type of BJTc. Alloy-junction transistor, improvement of grown-junction transistori. Micro-alloy transistor (MAT), smart than alloy-junction transistorii. Micro-alloy diffused transistor (MADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistoriii. Post-alloy diffused transistor (PADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistoriv. Schottky transistorv. Surface barrier transistord. Drift-field transistore. Avalanche transistorf. Darlington transistors are two BJTs connected together to go away a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors.g. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) use a medium power IGFET, similarly conn ected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on particular proposition use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for heavy-duty industrial applications. The Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) 5SNA2400E170100 illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for tierce-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case measuring 38 by 140 by 190mm and weighing 1.5kg. Each IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes.h. image transistor React to lightIII. Field-effect transistora. JFET, where the gate is insulated by a reverse-biased PN junctionb. MESFET, similar to JFET with a Schottky junction instead of PN onei. High electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT, HFET, MODFET)c. MOSFET, where the gate is insulated by a thin layer of insulatord. Inverted-T field effect transistor (ITFET)e. FinFET The source/drain region forms fins on the silicon surface.f. FREDFET Fast-Reve rse Epitaxial Diode Field-Effect Transistorg. Thin film transistor Used in LCD display.h. OFET Organic Field-Effect Transistor, in which the semiconductor is an organic compoundi. Ballistic transistorj. Floating-gate transistor Used for non-volatile storage.k. FETs used to sense environmenti. Ion sensitive field effect transistor To measure ion concentrations in solution.ii. EOSFET Electrolyte-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Neurochip)iii. DNAFET Deoxyribonucleic erosive field-effect transistorIV. SpacistorV. Diffusion transistor, formed by diffusing dopants into semiconductor substrate can be both BJT and FETVI. Unijunction transistors can be used as simple pulse generators.They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at each end (terminals Base1 and Base2). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (Emitter).VII. Single-electron transistors (SET) c onsist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor.VIII. Spin transistor Magnetically-sensitiveIX. Nanofluidic transistor Control the causa of ions through sub-microscopic, water-filled channels. Nanofluidic transistor, the basis of future chemical processorsX. Multigate devicesa. Tetrode transistorb. Pentode transistorc. Multigate deviced. Trigate transistors (Prototype by Intel)e. Dual gate FETs have a single channel with two gates in cascode a configuration that is optimized for high frequency amplifiers, mixers, and oscillatorsf. Semiconductor materialXI. The first BJTs were made from germanium (Ge).Silicon (Si) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the semiconductor alloy silicon germanium (SiGe). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is describe d as elemental.Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are abandoned in the table below it must be noted that these parameters will vary with increase in temperature, electric field, impurity level, strain and various other factorsSemiconductor material characteristicsSemiconductormaterialJunction forwardvoltageV 25 CElectron mobilitym/(Vs) 25 CHole mobilitym/(Vs) 25 CMax. junction temp.CGe0.270.390.1970 to 100Si0.710.140.05150 to 200GaAs1.030.850.05150 to 200Al-Si junction0.3150 to 200The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the uniform values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to drive the transi stor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately 2.1 mV/C.The density of mobile carriers in the channel of a MOSFET is a function of the electric field forming the channel and of various other phenomena such as the impurity level in the channel. Some impurities, called dopants, are introduced deliberately in making a MOSFET, to control the MOSFET electrical behavior.The electron mobility and hole mobility columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an electric field of 1 volt per meter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenideI. its maximum temperature is limitedII. it has relatively high leakage currentIII. it cannot withstand high voltagesIV. it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuitsBecause the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar NPN transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent PNP transistor type. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers works at frequencies around 12GHz.Max. junction temperature values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be da maged.Al-Si junction refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a Schottky diode. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a parasitic reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process. This diode can be a nuisance, but sometimes it is used in the circuit.4PackagingThrough-hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimetres)Transistors come in many different packages (chip carriers) (see images). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large transistor arrays). It has solder balls on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating.Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or pla stic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to heat sinks for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount microwave transistors are as small as grains of sand.Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistors functions to the terminals is not different transistor types can assign different functions to the packages terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K)5.CONCLUSIONA unified noise model which incorporates both the number fluctuation and the correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanism is discussed. The latter is attributed to the Coulombic sc attering effect of the fluctuating oxide charge. The model has a functional form resembling that of the number fluctuation theory, but at certain bias conditions it may reduce to a form compatible with Hooges empirical expression. The model can unify the noise data reported in the literature, without making any ad hoc assumption on the noise generation mechanism. Specifically, the model can name the right magnitude and bias dependence of the empirical Hooge parameter. Simulated noise characteristics obtained with a circuit-simulation-oriented fnoise model based on the new formulation were compared with experimental noise data. Excellent agreement between the calculations and measurement was observed in both the linear and saturation regions for MOS transistors fabricated by different technologies. The work shows that the flicker noise in MOS transistors can be completely explained by the trap charge fluctuation mechanism, which produces mobile carrier number fluctuation and correla ted surface mobility fluctuationIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.REFERENCES-1www.ciphersbyritter.com/NOISE/NOISRC.HTM2www.nikhef.nl/jds/vlsi/noise/transistor3www.colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/phys3330_fa05/manual/Exp4www.imagesensors.org/Past%20Workshops/2003%20Workshop/ 2003%20Papers/27%20Findlater%20et%20al5www.ansoft.com/news/articles/HF0605

Causes of Homelessness

Ca expenditures of rooflessnessHomelessness fuel substantively imp issue on the health, welfare and participation prospects of those unfortunate enough to experience it. The life expectancy of earthy sleepers is 42 years. Children lifespan in temporary or shared accommodation have their culture disrupted and are more than likely to suffer from behavioral problems (House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts 2005).Whilst lack of educational achievement is classed as disadvantage in the jobs market, those with no qualifications (who do non suffer from any new(prenominal) form of disadvantage) have a relatively high step of commerce. However, where there is additional disadvantage much(prenominal) as unsettledness, substance misuse or felon record these factors combine to depress meshing rates. The client group approach path has been successful in tar snuff iting specific groups such as single mothers and the disabled, assistanting them to bm give away of welfar e dependency. This approach has been less successful with wish to clients who suffer from multiplex disadvantages (Freud 2007).In 1998, the then Prime Minister pledged to reduce the number of highly strung sleepers by two-thirds by 2002. Many of those who have make the transition from rough sleeping have done so by using hostels as a first step (Department for Communities and Local Government 2006). However, fundamental to the achievement of successful outcomes with complaisance to statelessness is to encourage roofless state into meaningful activity, culture and ultimately employment (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2005, Department for Communities and Local Government 2006). There is as well a recognition that religious services for the disadvantaged should be joined-up, which allow for assist in providing co-ordination to those who face houselessness (Department for Communities and Local Government 2003).Research indicates that there are two approaches apparent as the most successful with respect to homeless stack those that are holistic and tailored (Freud 2007, Butcher et al 2007). This implies alloting all of the problems faced by the individual including employment, health as well as housing. The key bring ins of this approach are sustainable outcomes and effectiveness in tackling homelessness and multiple ingests (Butcher et al 2007).However, the homeless face significant issues relating to cooking and employment. This review seeks to examine the key issues with respect to homeless people and their king to access training and employment opportunities. This is fundamental as employment is considered one of the primary pathways addressing social exclusion and leading to pecuniary independency (Lownsbrough 2005, Sodha and Grant 2010).HomelessnessLegally, the law classes a psyche as homeless if they do not have the legal right to occupy any living accommodation, or the accommodation they occupy is not suitable or habitable. Many re gard homelessness as rough sleeping but this disguises other forms of homelessness such as those living in temporary accommodation, bed breakfast, hostels etc. (Shelter 2007).The obligations on local authorities are included in the Housing Act 1996, which was amended by the Homelessness Act 2002. This places a duty on local authorities to house people who fit the homelessness criteria. However, not everyone defined as homeless will be entitled to accommodation. To qualify for housing under the homelessness legislation an applicant must meet eligibility criteria, be legally defined as homeless, be in precedence need and not have become inventionally homeless. Whilst a psyche whitethorn have a serious housing need, if they do not put to death the criteria, the local authority does not have a duty to house them (Shelter 2007).It is difficult to quantify numbers of homeless people due to the extent of mystical homelessness. In addition there are those who experience episodes of ho melessness in the midst of more stable periods (Shelter 2007). Opinion attractor Research (2006) found that the majority of homeless were in a cycle of repeated episodes of homelessness and this was related to debt problems, medicine and alcohol dependency and the nature of hostel accommodation i.e. noisy, violent, costly.Daytime homelessness has also been identified (Jones and Pleace 2005). Originally use in the USA, the term refers to the situation where hostel dwellers are ejected from their accommodation during the day so whilst they whitethorn have over-night accommodation, the lack of a home during the day results in daytime homelessness.CausesThe causes of homelessness are many and varied, but generally fall into the categories of structural factors (unemployment, poverty, lack of suitable housing, the extent of legal rights, social trends, benefits issues and policy development such as the closure of long-stay institutions) and personal factors (drug / alcohol misuse, pr oblems at school, debts, physiologic and mental health issues, family breakdown, leaving the care organization or armed forces) (Shelter 2007, Butcher et al 2007).A spiral or chain of events could also lead to homelessness. An event such as a family breakdown leads to loss of home or family animation, which triggers a response such as substance misuse, loss of self-esteem and indigence (Butcher et al 2007).There are also a series of risk factors or indicators that confront the homeless or potentially homeless (Jones and Pleace 2005). These areschool exclusion and lack of qualifications time in local authority care multiple needs combined mental health drug / alcohol problems contact with the criminal nearice carcass time in the armed forces previous experience of homelessness lack of a social s pile net motion difficulties in furnishing or maintaining a home debts, especially rent or mortgage arrears causing abhorrence to neighbours (often linked to multiple needs).ImpactHomel essness is traumatic. In addition, many have suffered a trauma leading homelessness such as home repossession, drug and alcohol misuse, domestic help violence etc. Homelessness can lead to disempowerment, isolation and poverty. Homeless people rely on benefits and this in-turn can lead to dependency due to the high rents collectible in supported housing such as hostels (Shelter 2007). Evidence suggests that homeless people will remain in supported housing such as hostels for around time, impacting on their attempts to re-enter the mainstream (Singh 2005).The reliance on benefits due to the high rents in temporary accommodation has a significant impact on a homeless persons ability to get a job and move on. As income rises Housing and Benefit and Council Tax Benefit are reduced. If a homeless person manages to find a job, they may be no better of as their benefits are reduced accordingly. When travel and other costs related to elaborateing is accounted for the homeless person may be no better off (Shelter 2007) this is examined in greater detail below.Young homeless people face a sputter in the transition to adult life (Foyer Federation 2001). They face issues such as poverty, lack of qualifications, family encouragement and self-esteem.Those who were homeless and those providing services have often referred to a homelessness culture (Crisis 2005), but this was in fact a reference to the most damaging aspect of many homeless peoples former way of life i.e. drug and alcohol dependency.The importance of Life SkillsMany authors have examined and highlighted the value of life skills in tackling homelessness and social exclusion (Foyer Federation 2001, Department for Communities and Local Government 2003, Parsons and Palmer 2004, Lownsbrough 2005, Lownsbrough et al 2005, Singh 2005, Department for Communities and Local Government 2006, Opinion Leader Research 2006, Whitehead 2006, New Economics Foundation 2008, Quilgars et al 2008). However, Jones and Pleace ( 2005) suggest that research from as far back as the 1980s indicates that there are more complex issues leading to the risk of homelessness, rather than just a lack of life skills. They stir Jones et al (2001) assertion that life skills training is carried out with homeless people because it is accepted practice rather than because of an evidence base related to its efficacy.Employers and those in education are paying increasing attention to skills rather than just knowledge. This relates to how psyche might react to a particular situation rather than how much they know. The figure out environment is increasingly focussed on key skills, cultivation skills and life skills. This focus has coincided with a similar debate close the acquisition of life skills to semi social exclusion and address welfare reform. Life skills are signalized as being essential for people to managing their lives and relationships. They are also vital with respect to finding and sustaining a job (Lownsbr ough et al 2005).There is an underlying assumption of a correlation between lack of life skills and being part of a socially excluded group. This raises two important questions do people become excluded as a result of myopic life skills? Or are life skills forget as a result of social exclusion and dealing with the challenging circumstances that exclusion throws-up? Whilst there is no evidence to suggest a causal link there is an interaction, which means families can spend generations trying to escape (from exclusion) (Lownsbrough et al 2005).Life skills are the activities that relate to daily living such as washing, clean-cuting and managing a household budget in concert with the soft skills such as communication that allow individuals to form and manage relationships.Singh (2005) found that some homeless peoples lack of life skills meant they were not able to access services and behavioural norms such as punctuality were not developed.Acquiring and maintaining life skills has b een found to act as a gateway to more formal training in the same skill, which has ultimately led to employment. There are a number of examples where learning basic cookery skills have stimulated an interest in undertaking technical training and subsequent employment in catering (Lownsbrough 2005).When a person becomes excluded for a particular reason, the issue defines them in society and they are offered services that aim to alleviate the issue that has caused the exclusion, such as the provision of hot meals, clean clothing etc. They are then offered services that enable them to overcome the exclusion such as training, job search etc. Life skills training can provide a vital bridge between these services (Lownsbrough et al 2005). Whilst for some, undertaking formal training will ultimately lead to independence others may need to acquire more basis skills in the short term. Homeless people generally need a wide range of training from formal education to support with respect to sup port services including general life skills, psychological support, social skills, pecuniary management, basic skills and job related skills (Opinion Leader Research 2006).Meaningful ActivityLack of motivation is a common issue among homeless people (Jones and Pleace 2005, Singh 2005, Centrepoint 2006, OSW 2007, New Economics Foundation 2008). However, participating in meaningful activity is seen as a way of engaging the socially excluded and disadvantaged in activity that, whilst not actually concerning education, job-search etc, incorporates activities that teach those involved about teamwork, social skills etc., which are useful in the jobs market. Activities can be volunteering, art-based activity (theatre, painting, photography) or those involving health such as Tai Chi. Engaging with the homeless via the use of meaningful activity can provide a gateway into more formal training and job search and has been found to have an impact on social issues such as self-esteem and the ab ility to form and maintain relationships (Jones and Pleace 2005, Department of Innovation, Universities and Skills 2009).Meaningful activity around arts based projects also has a number of advantages such as the opportunity to be creative. In addition, there are no entry requirements or skills requirements so participants feel less subject and can progress at their own speed. It also affords the opportunity of allowing the person to express and reflect what has happened to them (Cameron et al 2003).Government Policy relating to WorkThe government has made good progress in its Welfare to Work agenda and the creation of New Deal and Jobcentre plus has been instrumental in achieving this success. However, the government needs to crap on its achievements so far to ensure that the most disadvantaged in society are also given opportunities to move from benefits dependency, but this should recognise that they may have special needs which need to be addressed in a holistic way (Freud 2007 ).As a result of improved scotch prosperity, government has transformed work and opportunity in Britain. The goal of full employment matters because work provides the opportunity for development, progression and financial independence (Department for Work and Pensions 2007a).Governments intention is to create the circumstances whereby people move from being spectators to becoming participants, actively seeking and preparing for work (Department for Work and Pensions 2007b). There are five key elements that will be used to achieve the aim of full employmentA stronger framework of rights and responsibilities to move benefit claimants from being passive recipients to being active jobseekersA personalised and responsive approach will empower advisers and give increased discretion to Jobcentre Plus staffPartnership the public, private and third sectors working together on the basis of what works bestTargeting areas of high worklessness by devolving and empowering communitiesNot just jobs, but jobs that pay and offer opportunities for progressionThere are also plans to improve support and provide work incentives in conjunction with a benefits body that rewards responsibility together with a greater choice over the support that is provided (Green Paper Department for Work and Pensions 2008a). The intention is toSimplify benefits with the result that there will be two payments, Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) for those with a modify that prevents working and Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) for those actively seeking work.Ensure that there is a no right to life on benefits.Disregard child precaution payments when calculating entitlement.The subsequent White Paper (Department for Work and Pensions 2008b) sets out a programme to implement proposals with respect to changing the benefits system, improving job search services, adding conditionality to benefits entitlement, providing and specify additional support and ending child poverty.In January 2009, the Wel fare Reform Act 2009 translated into statute the foregoing policy and discussion documents, aiming to increase the employment rate to 80%, end child-poverty, offer tailored support to job-seekers and place conditionality on benefits entitlements.There are a number of possible actions that are aimed at helping to move homeless people into work (Crisis 2007). These arePathways to Work Aimed at supporting those claiming Incapacity Benefit to make the transition into work. This is particularly relevant to the homeless as circa 70% of homeless people claim this benefit (Crisis 2007).The New Deal / Flexible New Deal Offering counselling and guidance, training and education. In 2004, the initiative was adapted to make it more suitable to the homeless (Department for Work and Pensions 2004). However, as eligibility is restricted to those in receipt of Job Seekers Allowance for at least vi consecutive months, this may prove to be a barrier to the homeless as their lifestyles often result in gaps in claims (Crisis 2007).Jobcentre Plus 2006 saw the go-ahead of a centre in London devoted to working with the homeless and this coincided with a national commitment to prioritise the needs of the homeless (crisis 2007).progress2work and the progress2work-LinkUP These pilot schemes recognise that disadvantaged clients need more time together with specialist interventions from statutory and other agencies to make traveling impact on employment outcomes. The target system used to measure Jobcentre Plus and others recognises that there are some clients that may require specialist, long-term assistance (Department for Work and Pensions 2004). However, there is concern over the ability of the model to justify its existence over the three-year term before the committed funding runs out (Crisis 2007).New Deal and Flexible New Deal together with Jobcentre Plus have proved effective assisting circa 90% back into work inside twelve months. Prior to the recession Job Seekers Allowan ce claim levels were the lowest for thirty years. Unemployment levels during the recession were at lower rates than predicted by the government (Sodha and Grant 2010).Whilst the welfare-to-work programme has undoubtedly had assisted in creating a population of more skilled, educated and active, the homeless continue to face exclusion and run the risk of suffering more disadvantage (Sodha and Grant 2010).Homelessness and WorkIn 1986 83% of homeless people were in some form of paid employment but by 2005 this figure had dropped to 5% and by 2007 only 4% were in work (St Mungos 2005 and 2007). Singh (2005) found that 77% of those check outed wanted to work. 97% of hostel residents would like to work (St Mungos 2007) and a 2010 survey conducted by St Mungos revealed that 80% agreed with the statement one of my goals is to get back into work. Research has reliably indicated that rates of employment among young homeless people are very low and that they face a combination of significant barriers that impact on their educational achievement and employment potential (Centrepoint 2006). worklessness lies at the root of deprivation (Meadows 2008). Employment is one of the key routes toward addressing social exclusion and achieving independence, two socially and financially (Lownsbrough 2005, Sodha and Grant 2010). However, financial rewards are not the singular motivation for the homeless wanting to find work (New Economics Foundation 2008).BarriersHomeless people face a range of issues, which form barriers to their progression from benefits into training, work and independence. These barriers are person-related and systemic or structural.Person-related barriers includeLack of skills (including life-skills) and / or qualificationsLow motivationLack of confidence and self-esteemPoor job search skillsLack of work experienceHealth, both physical and mentalAddictionsCultural / language barriers panic of change and the unknownLow respect for / mistrust of authorityCrimina l recordThe structural / systematic barriers includeLiving in concentrations of worklessnessLiving in social housing / hostels and the stigma attachedPoor local transportLimited local job opportunitiesHigh cost of hostel rentsPoor financial incentives and the benefits trapLack of ongoing supportDiscrimination(Parsons and Palmer 2004, Jones Pleace 2005, Lownsbrough 2005, Singh 2005, Centrpoint 2006, Opinion Leader Research 2006, Butcher et al 2007, New Economic Foundation 2008, Sodha Grant 2010, melodic line Action on Homelessness 2009)37% of homeless people have no formal qualifications whilst 13% have Level 3 qualifications (more than 1 A Level) or above. This compares to just fewer than 50% of the general population (New Economic Foundation 2008).In addition, many suffer barriers relating to competing issues (Singh 2005, Jones Pleace 2005). Competing issues arise where a pressing need such as dealing with addiction prevents the person addressing the issue of finding work. Sing h (2005) cites Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model, which suggests that fundamental needs such as finding a home take precedence in the hierarchy over, for example, addressing issues around self-esteem.Lower level barriers include lack of suitable clothing to attend an interview, inadequate access to a telephone or computer and the lack of somewhere suitable to complete an application (Parsons and Palmer 2005, Singh 2005).Pathway to EmploymentThe traditional pathway to employment model apply by the homelessness sector is a three-stage process where the first engagement stage is centred on addressing the issues that led to homelessness such as treatment for substance misuse. In the stand by stage of pre-work support the process is about attempting to get clients work-ready and can include volunteering, job-search, training, work placements etc, which will hopefully result in a job offer. The last stage involves in-work support which can take the form of job-coaching and at-work traini ng (New Economics Foundation 2008).However, a revised model should be used that more pronto reflects the journey into employment (New Economics Foundation 2008). The new model highlights the need for intensive support during the first twelve weeks of employment, as this is the period when homeless people struggle financially, emotionally and practically. The model is based on four key stages i.e. Engagement, Pre-work support, Settling into work, Sustainable employment. Whilst this new model represents a linear path to employment it may need to be modified to reflect the reality that a person with high support needs may drop out at any stage. So if a person drops out at the Settling into work phase, this may result in further work on the Pre-work or even Engagement phases (New Economics Foundation 2008).Butcher et al (2007) reported a seven-stage journey to employability comprising engagement, needs assessment, individual action plan, support, and labour market preparation, in work s upport, sustainable employment. The content of this seven-stage route shares many similarities with the revised model above. Fothergill (2008) develops the model to create The Right Deal for Homeless People to prove a holistic and co-ordinated range of support to assist the homeless into work and independence.Meadows (2008) indicated that homeless people come from a range of backgrounds with different needs relating to education, health (both physical and mental), contact with the justice system etc. The most effective interventions with respect to homeless people and their pathway to employment are those that address the needs of the individual, which may involve interventions via referrals to specialist agencies.As a result of the Places of Change programme (Department of Communities and Local Government 2006), St Mungos instituted a five-stage Pathways to Employment programme, beginning with an Occupational Health specify which then proceeds with activities such as basic skills training, vocational guidance, long-term meaningful activity, external accredited training, job search, coaching and end with in-work support. Clients are also provided with suitable clothing to attend interviews. (St Mungos 2007). Evaluation of this programme noted the project having a significant impact on participants lives. The journey towards increasing independence and employment has begun for participating clients. The programme can achieve significant outcomes but interpretation of outcomes must recognise the progress that clients can realistically make (Sodha and Grant 2010).The arrange for Work programme under the auspices of Business Action on Homelessness (BAOH) targets those who may be ready for work but lack skills, confidence or are long-term unemployed. In a two-week work placement they are allocated a buddy, together with support from BAOH trained staff for six months following the placement. Since its blood line 2000 out of 5000 people have found work and of the participants 38% go on to full time work. 500 businesses are involved and they report the worthy contribution that the homeless can make (Sodha and Grant 2010).There is scope to employ homeless people in the homelessness field (Ireland 2010). Circa 20% of the staff within Thames Reach, Tyneside Cyrenians and P3 are former service users. There are 17,000 employed in the sector and if all organisations employed service users at this 20% rate, this would realise some 3,400 positions. Although there is no single pathway model, the similarities of each organisations approach are a lead from senior management, incorporating the model into business planning and ensuring staff buy-in. cater who are former service users display a high level of commitment to the job, other service users and are able to use their experience to benefit their case-load. There are a number of benefits in employing service usersBeneficial impact on cultureCredibility and influence with policy makersAdding value to service delivery as a result of the experience of staff (Ireland 2010)Sustaining employment can be a particular issue with respect to the homeless and reasons for not being able to sustain work include transport, not being mentally ready and difficulties with integration into the workforce. This reinforces the need for tailored one-to-one support during the primal stages of employment (Singh 2005, Sodha and Grant 2010).In addition to facing problems fitting in (Business Action on Homelessness 2009) in the initial stages of employment, there are other issues which can prove significant in determining whether a homeless person is able to sustain the new job. They are poor financial planning, which relates to the transition from benefits, particularly where the persons income is cost neutral or where they are only slightly better off, the effect of temporary, casual contracts as the benefits system is not geared up to address this type of work and social isolation particularly whe re the move into employment is accompanied by a move from a hostel into more immutable accommodation, resulting in less or no contact with existing social networks.Barriers to sustaining employment also include drug / alcohol dependency, emotional problems, particularly during sieve or stressful periods and the likelihood was that the job would be low skilled and low-paid resulting in little job satisfaction (Opinion Leader Research 2006).Meadows (2008) also highlighted the need to work with young homeless and disadvantaged people to develop a work-focussed lifestyle can assist in tackling other areas of disadvantage.Benefits SystemGenerally referred to as the benefits trap, this situation occurs when the reduction in benefits as a result of having a job means that the person is marginally, or no better off. When questioned, however 56% of homeless individual stated they would take a job in these circumstances whilst 21% would take other issues into account before coming to a decis ion (Singh 2005).Many people find that they are no better off in workTaking into account the costs of work (travel or work-related clothing, for example) a JSA claimant over the age of 25 faces a participation tax rate exceeding 100% for most of the first 20 hours of work (and just below 100% for the hours afterwards. As a result, the individual gains only 29.06 after 40 hours of work (Sodha and Grant 2010).Caseworkers, clients and experts in the field of homelessness find that the tax and benefits system is confusing. The benefits system plays a fundamental role in the transition from benefits dependency into work, but the perception is that the system operates as a bureaucratic function that militates against support into work. These difficulties result in people not claiming entitlements, particularly with respect to in-work, benefits and tapering payments. There is also the concern amongst claimants that benefits entitlements have been calculated incorrectly, resulting in claw- back at a later date. The system of Working Tax credits has also resulted in some being worse off after following a recalculation of entitlement after 12 months in work (New Economics Foundation 2008).Bearing in mind that many homeless people are already in debt, poor transitional arrangements resulted in many taking on more debts, thereby increasing the likelihood of a further episode of homelessness. This difficult experience in moving into work reduces the motivation to try again (New Economics Foundation 2008). Difficult benefits to work transitions can result in a four-week period between benefits concluding and the arrival of the first pay-slip (Sodha and Grant 2010).Workless people are not well informed about the availability of Working Tax Credit, Housing Benefit, childcare Tax Credit and additional forms of support. The complex inter-relationships of these benefits together with family circumstances, earnings and location mean that the system has a limited role to play in further the transition to work (Meadows 2008, Sodha and Grant 2010, Business Action on Homelessness 2009).There is also a perception amongst homeless people that working will not make them better off, particularly as the jobs they could apply for are low skilled and low paid. There is also evidence that pressure from government agencies to take work has driven many to forego benefits in favour of begging or part time casual work (Opinion Leader Research 2006).The system of benefits is poorly structured, particularly with respect to sign-on days so there is evidence of those on Ready to Work placements having to take days off in coiffure to avoid loosing benefits payments. The complex nature of Housing Benefit recalculations makes it problematic for those on variable hours or short-term contracts (Business Action on Homelessness 2009).Attitudes of EmployersIn a survey of fifteen employers, all thought that commercial and non-commercial employers had a duty to help socially disadvan taged people such as the homeless. Employers consider that Corporate well-disposed Responsibility at a local level is particularly important as it affords them the opportunity of putting something back. Although most employers had recruitment policies, they tended to be influenced by extend to opportunities legislation rather than addressing the needs of disadvantaged groups such as the homeless (Singh 2005).Involving employers can be complex as they are likely to be repellant to anything that is time consuming and does not have clear outcomes. However, good relationships with employers can provide opportunities for work placements and the potential to have an effect on recruitment policies (Meadows 2008).Of those organisations that offered work placements to homeless people, they suggested a number of benefits to the organisationImproved understanding of the issues.Challenge to existing policies within the organisation.Utilisation of untapped skills.Seeing first hand someone rec laiming their lives, dignity and self-respect.The negative aspects were reported asSome candidates not being work

Al Capone Essay -- biography bio biographies crime criminals

Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Capone ran the City of Chicago with illegal activities. He appeared many time on newspapers solely over the country. Every one of us has heard of Al Capone, but most of us dont k instantly the story behind him. What made him to be the most feared gangster in the metropolis of Chicago? How did this kid from a rough neighborhood and no specie grow up to have $60,000,000? Ive always been fascinated with organized annoyance but had never been taught anything in school about it. This report gave me the befall to explore something interesting and also educational. The more I researched Al Capone, the more I wanted to learn about him. He may look uniform an innocent Italian at a glance, but he has done a lot of crime in the city of Chicago. I knew going into this stem that there would be more than enough information. Going on the Internet I found many web sites that went in detail about legitimate aspects of Al Capo nes life. I found web pages on the St. Valentines Day Massacre and even a haunting of his ghost. My Grandpa had books that helped me including The Encyclopedia of human being Crime and The Mafia Encyclopedia. He also had a great deal of information to tell me. Most of Al Capones life seems unreal, but it is true. It all started when he was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was baptized Alphonsus Capone. As the fourth oldest of nine children, he didnt receive much attention. At birth, Capones parents never would have believed that their son Alphonse would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. (The Encyclopedia of World Crime 603) Capone was very wise when it came to livelihood on the streets of New York. He was a genius when it came to street smarts. As far as school goes, Capone was almost illiterate. He came from a poverty potty neighborhood in Brooklyn, so education was not a top priority. Capone was forced to either deal with a low wage job with a h opeless future or make an improvement for himself by committing crime. Al Capones philosophy was to the effect that laws only applied to people who had enough money to survive by them. (The Mafia Encyclopedia 603)Al Capone became a member of the Bim Booms Gang as a teenager. He learned to defend himself by way of a knife and revolver. By the time Capone reached the sixth grade he had already become a street brawler. Capone n... ...ntful life. He was responsible for the death of over calciferol people. As a young boy, he had no opportunities to be rich and live in a big home. The only way out was through and through a life of crime. Thats where he turned and he succeeded with over $60,000,000. To do something well you have to have the drive to do it. This was how Al Capone was and he was a natural at what he did. He had the right personality and the right connections to be at the top. This was how he became the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago and got that $60,000,000. I noticed a connection to Al Capone and Adolf Hitler. They both seemed to have it all then have it suddenly swept under them. They lived lives of crime and hatred but in the end it took a turn. Hitler ended up putting a gun to his mouth while Capone went insane from his stay at Alcatraz. I learned a lot from doing this report. Besides the amount of typing, which has repeatedly cramped my fingers, it let me read some interesting articles that made me really go what Al Capones life was like. It may seem cool to talk about Al Capone, but behind his innocent face, was an evil gangster. Al Capones name will live on as the crime czar who ruled Chicago.

Articles Of Confederation Essay -- essays research papers

Articles of ConfederationAnalyze the degree to which the Articles provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following Foreign Relations, stinting Conditions, or Western LandsIn 1777, the states enacted the Articles of Confederation to preserve democracy and prevent tyranny from those who sought to centralize power. But in their efforts to keep their independence, the states created a fallible central government that was unable to improve an insolvent economy and poor foreign relations.Although the confederation gained some substantial powers, the crucial powers to tax and regulate employment remained with the individual states. Each state passed their own currency, and therefore created inflation and made Continentals in circulation worthless. Compounded with restrictions on trade to Great Britain and down the Mississippi River, the states became knotty in a heavy depression. John Fiske, of the conservative view, realized the precarious situation whe n he stated the Nation was under the verge of collapse and near-anarchy and that the cinque year period after 1783 was the most critical time in American History. Robert Morris, secretary of finance, resorted to desperate measures with the Newburgh conspiracy in an attempt to raise money for a depleted military but it took an impassioned plea from General Washington himself to put down the rebellion. Furthermore, the Articles allowed for personal rights abuses such as unsubstantiated foreclosures...