Chrysanthemums Literary Review – the Antagonist

Stephens 1 Jeff Stephens Kathleen Roddy ENGL 1102-208 7-20-2011 The Antagonist is Not Who You Would Think In â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, the character’s conflicts are very obscure. The main character, Elisa, is in constant conflict with herself, which she projects onto her husband and the tinker. Though Elisa appears to be dissatisfied with her life, she has no way to change it, and she becomes increasingly crass as the story progresses. Although she appears to be the victim, she is the story’s antagonist.Steinbeck describes different moods in relation to the fog and rain through the use of simile and metaphors. A specific use of this is when he writes about how the fog stretches across the roof of the valley, essentially closing it off like an iron kettle. He conveys, through the fog, that Elisa feels trapped and that only the rain can set her free, â€Å"fog and rain do not go together† (347). In his article, Gregory Palmerino takes note that the plowed fields represent Elisa’s fertile womanhood while the lack of rain would represent Henry’s sterile manhood.He points out that while Elisa’s character is well pronounced throughout; Henry’s character is â€Å"altogether absent† (165). Elisa’s feeling of being trapped and unattended is a predominant trait throughout the story. Henry seems to be a lot like myself, and I identify with him through his steering clear of confrontations by using compliments and jokes. Palmerino states that â€Å"The initial dialogue between Henry and Elisa sets the tone for subsequent encounters and reveals the couple’s fundamental problem: they do not know how to fight† (165).Steinbeck shows that Henry is avoiding getting into an argument with his wife when he says, â€Å"Well, it sure works with flowers† Stephens 2 after â€Å"her eyes sharpened† (348). Even though there is no way to know, I could feel a pause there- an uncomfortable silence- even if it was brief. Henry and Elisa seemed to know that continuing this particular conversation would lead to a fight, so she changed the subject. Immediately, it felt as if the mood had lightened and that they were on good terms again, but there was always something lingering behind their words.Elisa appears to be the instigator, by default, even though she also seems to want to avoid confrontation. During her interaction with the tinker, Elisa flirts with the man, trying to get his attentions. Palmerino points out that Elisa is trying to cause a confrontation by â€Å"sexually and inadequately prostrating herself in front of an implausible paramour† (166). The tinker is a poor man, he says so himself, and knows full well that he cannot get himself into the kind of situation that she intends.Elisa’s actions are impulsive and the sign of someone who is starved for the attentions of a lover. When Elisa practically throws herself at him, he immed iately switches back to his business manner and says, pitifully, â€Å"It’s nice, just like you say. Only when you don’t have no dinner, it aint† (Steinbeck 351). She immediately switched gears and offered him some work, but she knew that what she had done was wrong. She felt dirty, not just from the soil in her garden, but also from her actions. Unfortunately, Henry seems to be a fairly dense individual.While he can tell when a situation is going south, he doesn’t seem to be capable of understanding why the situation is worsening. Elisa constantly takes advantage of the fact that he is so thick-headed. She pokes and prods him at every turn, whether boasting about her planting skills or demanding to know what is meant by â€Å"nice† or â€Å"strong† (Steinbeck 352-353). Henry manages to worsen the situation by Stephens 3 joking about what he means, but Elisa breaks her composure at the idea that she would â€Å"break a calf over [her] knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon† (Steinbeck 353).Both Henry’s choice of words and his demeanor manage to make Elisa angry, because what she really wants is for him to tell her that she is beautiful. Henry, however, is embarrassed. When he gets embarrassed or feels like there is a fight coming, he resorts to humor. Elisa is already feeling apprehensive from everything that happened at the farm, but on their way into town, she sees the chrysanthemums that she gave to the tinker and notices that while he had no use for the flowers, he kept the pot.Palmerino writes that â€Å"Elisa cannot bring herself to acknowledge, much less confront, the reality of her situation; and instead of verbally or nonverbally expressing her outrage at the tinker’s insensitivity†¦she turns her back and avoids the overarching truth† (166). Palmerino is dead on in his description of her emotions at that moment. She is definitely outraged, but just like Henry, she is co nstantly avoiding confrontation. Her apprehension turns to sadness as she realizes that she is stuck in an unending loop of an unambiguous, non-committal, non-progressive, and non-confrontational (basically dead) relationship of a marriage.The development of the story leads me to believe that Henry tries to lighten the mood by joking around or complimenting her, but Elisa always seems to negate his efforts. Steinbeck describes a painfully awkward few moments in this story, where Elisa misinterprets the actions of others. In Japan, this kind of character is called a tsundere. (Tsun means to turn away in disgust and dere means to become lovey-dovey. ) Elisa is constantly acting like a tsundere when her husband compliments or pokes fun at her. She could confront Henry, but her non-committalStephens 4 attitude would result in nothing changing. She would probably just change the subject like she did at the beginning of the story. She, basically, is the root of the problem. Stephens 5 Wor ks Cited Palmerino, Gregory J. â€Å"Steinbeck's The Chrysanthemums. † Explicator 62. 3 (2004): 164-167. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 6 July 2011. Steinbeck, John. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th Compact Edition. Edgar V. Roberts, ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. 2008: 347-353.

Metro Group

Metro Group Executive Summary: Metro has taken initiative to implement RFID tagging to better track its inventory and improve its supply chain management. The palette level tracking which has been implemented at certain stores has proven beneficial and now Metro is considering case level tagging. Given the cost savings, improvement in inventory and store level performance, the case level tagging would yield higher savings as compared to palette level tagging. Since RFID technology is evolving very fast the primary cost – price of tags, would decreases significantly and thereby would increase ROI.Therefore, with the assumptions case level tagging is recommended over palette level tagging. In-Store Logistics problem: One factor that contributes to in store logistic problems is on shelf availability of products. There’s about 6% to 10% out of stock rate in grocery retailing and that is a major problem in loss of revenue and potential loss of customers. The cause of this pr oblem could be that the inventory already exists in store but the in store inventory system is not sophisticated enough to prevent the problem. RFID, however, can help improve inventory data accuracy and stock visibility.Another problem is promotion compliance – because of the numerous promotions going on per store, the stores lack the resources to carry out all the events effectively and that could result in manufacture dissatisfaction due to unsatisfactory promotions. Using RFID can help in pallet and case level by giving accurate stock information so manufacturers can see how their promotions are doing as well as if markets are holding their end of the bargain. Finally, RFID can improve problems in productivity and labor efficiencies. One problem is workers unable to locate items to physically scan them with traditional readers.With RFID, the worker just needs to be within the vicinity so no extra work needed to identify correct pallet from within a case. Another labor pro blem that arises is too much manual work done by workers to scan items when they arrive, with RFID, the pallets can just arrive on location and just be unloaded instead of manually inspecting codes by workers. Process flow of the supply chain: Upon production, the assembly of the pallets is conducted at the manufacturer’s plant. The pallets are stored either at the manufacturer’s warehouse or are shipped to a distribution center (DC).From the DC the pallets are either shipped to one of Metro’s DCs or directly to a Metro store. At the Metro DC pallets are either kept as they arrive or get unbundled and repackaged as mixed pallets. Every pallet contains from 60 to 80 cases with some exceptional cases of 900cases/pallet. The above flow requires high labor force. As a next step, the stock room determines how much of the product should be moved directly to the sales floor and how much needs to remain in the stock room. There are cases where products marked for the sa les floor had to be returned back to the stock room due to lack of display space.The products displayed at the sales floor are also relocated for promotional events. A retail store receives shipments either directly from the manufacturer or from a variety of Metro DCs. In addition to the various locations the shipments originated, the size of the pallets, the pallet mix, the randomness of the delivery schedules there are also cases where a product has to be returned for quality issues or product damage. Business Process Optimization at the pallet level: The major difference between barcodes and RFID tags is that RFID tags do not require a direct line of sight for scanning and processing.This leads to major process automation wherever the process scanning is required, e. g. scan barcode on pallet, scan storage barcode to verify location, forklift driver scans barcode on pallet etc. Whenever a pallet is within a read range from an RFID reader, the scanning automatically takes places, therefore, the employee doesn’t have to physically locate and scan the tag (ultrahigh frequency benefits displayed in Exhibit 3). Apart from that, RFID tags can store information about the object itself (location, case counts, etc. ).This leads to major picking and truck loading process optimization. Whenever a pallet is created, the number of cases and pallet location can be stored in the tag and placed on the pallet. Pallet movement can then be detected by readers placed within the warehouse for improved warehouse visibility. This allows employees to locate the pallets quicker and reduce the time required to move pallets to outgoing docks for shipment. Inbound and outbound pallet inspection during the truck loading process becomes faster, more accurate, and requires less resource utilization.RFID readers at the loading docks will be able to automatically check the identity of a pallet when it is moved onto or off the truck, eliminating in that way the need for manual scanni ng and inspection. Business Process Optimization at the case level: Implementation of RFID tags at the case level reduces the need for forklift readers to count cases on the pallets as the case tags provide immediate signal notification of case count. As pallets are stored in the Metro DC for potential case mixing, current process flow is facilitated by improved efficiency of mixed-pallet picking.In addition, RFID tags identify optimal picking paths for the employees or the best route to take through the warehouse when they search for the products that will consist of the mixed pallet. During shrink-wrapping, the need to label the mixed pallets is eliminated as case tags will verify and notify trucks (headed from Metro DC to Metro stores) for the pallet content. Case level RFID tags also eliminate the 1% mixed pallet case recounting process, a result of too many or too few cases being picked for mixed pallets or wrong cases altogether being picked.The tags on the cases notify employ ees of improper inclusion or exclusion without the need for manual recounts. Process improvement is facilitated through more efficient shelf restocking at the store level. For the first time, employees have improved visibility of what is in the backroom, instead of relying upon memory of backroom items. This will help limit the stock outs but will also improve the inventory-ordering accuracy. Last but not least, storage mapping utilized in conjunction with case level RFID tags limits the time required for searching the replenishment cases.When the point-of-sale data indicates that a shelf is empty, employees are notified that replenishment is required, have clear visibility of the number of that particular item available in the backroom, as well as the exact backroom item location. Cost-Benefit analysis: Exhibit 1 shows the cost benefit analysis for the implementation of RFID either at palette level or case level. In both scenarios, Metro would not be generating enough incremental p rofits as opposed to the investment.Certain assumptions were made regarding average cost of tag, average number of pallets reaching DC and number of DC. In case of palette level tagging, manufacture is set to make huge savings per plant which is evident from per palette saving data as well. But for the case level tagging, Metro will be generating high incremental savings but not more than investment. Assuming that tags and portal bought by Metro runs for 5 years, Metro will break even on its investment in less than 2 years and would earn more than $11M savings per year thereafter.

Hague Visby Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hague Visby Rules - Essay Example This essay stresses that Hague Rules was limited under the influence of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 it also included the bills of lading that were issued, it was applied only to the cargo that were outbound from UK. It was not applicable to other voyages. The Hague-Visby rules were applicable to the international voyages as well. It contained an addendum that was in reference with international voyages. It accounted for the trade between international coasts. It also contained legitimate details, which had rules and regulations which accounted for the rights and an international contract related to the operations on international coasts as well. This paper declares that the rules were made as the word of law and therefore, any document that contained the postulates laid down in respect with the trade that was being carried out between two companies and was signed with the above terms present on the paper, the paper would be treated as the bill of laden and the parties held liable for the rules laid down. Those laid down rules would be governing the relations between the parties and had to be followed by the parties in any case. The rules were negotiable if the postulate related to negotiations was laid down in the contract, the rules could also be negotiated if both the parties were willing to negotiate it. It need not be a formal document, but if any paper that had suggested rules and signs of both the parties then it would be considered as a bill of lading no matter what. (SCARRY, 2010). It was also very clearly mentioned that the contracting states should be mentioned so that there are no conflicts or claims related to th e parties. There was another differentiating factor between The Hague and The Hague-Visby rules. It was on the limitation of the liability. The limitation of liability in The Hague rule was 100 pound per package, and there was another additional clause to it that the compensation was of gold value.

Security findemental (contract security guard service selection Essay - 2

Security findemental (contract security guard service selection exercise) - Essay Example arm to another person, making threatening remarks, damaging the property of other employees or employer with intent, possessing a weapon while conducting company business or within business premises. Others include hostile or aggressive behavior that creates reasonable fear of injury to other people or subject them to emotional distress, and committing acts related to, or motivated by, domestic violence or sexual harassment (Kim 169). The most vulnerable employees to the risk factors are those working in the public setting, including those working late at night or in the early morning hours, in small groups, in uncontrolled access environments open to other employees and the public, and other areas of previous concern that include the community and workplace settings (Hess 262). Any potentially dangerous situation should be reported to the human resource department or security supervisor at once. Reporting may be anonymously, with all reported incidents subject to thorough investigations. Incidents or reports that warrant confidentiality will receive the required appropriateness and information disseminated to others on a need-to-know basis only. There will be counseling on all parties involved as well as discussion of the findings of the investigation. The company shall actively intervene at the slightest indication of a possibly violent or hostile indication (IFPO 287). The most viable solution is worksite analysis, with mangers and supervisors being familiar with the temporary and permanent worksites of employees to enable sound decision-making options. The worksite analysis should enable the supervisors, managers, employees, and law enforcement to gather information concerning the potential risks or the possibility of the community’s experience in a particular criminal rash. Managers and supervisors should seek to identify employee environment that poses risks and threats, and address them specifically as risk factors. The working environment is uniquely

Open Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Open - Essay Example Corll, Henley, and Brooks were responsible for the deaths of more than 28 teenage boys during 1970-1973 in Houston, Texas, all of whom were abducted, kidnapped, raped, tortured, and murdered by the trio (Olsen, pp. 46). Dean Corll, the central figure of the Houston Mass Murders, was the son of Mary Robinson and Arnold Edwin Corll. He was born in the year 1939. For much of his childhood, Corll remained a shy child who rarely socialized with others. Observers linked the same with the fact that his parents had divorced twice, and the family had to relocate several times due to the marital problems. For the early 1960s, Corll, along with his mother, ran a small candy shop. He was famous to give away free candy to the children and teenagers, especially boys. He was drafted to the US Army in the year 1964 but was honorably discharged after he expressed the desire to serve the family business. It was by this time that it became apparent that Corll had homosexual tendencies. He had developed a homosexual relationship with a David Brooks, a fifteen-year-old boy in the year 1970. Brooks was much younger during the days when Corll ran the candy business. He not only gave free candy to Brooks but also lend him money whenever he needed it. In return, Corll asked for sexual favors. Later Brooks developed a deal with Corll where he would get a sum of 200 US dollars in exchange for every teenage boy that he could lure into Corll’s house. During the fall of 1971, Brooks was able to con young Henley into joining him for a â€Å"party with lots of beer and weed† (Schmid, p. 140). However, he was just another victim of Corll sexual desires who would be raped and tortured and then would die due to strangling or a bullet from the 0.22 caliber gun of Corll. However, something led Corll to believe that Henley would make a perfect accomplice and rather than subjecting him to his sexual

Symbolism in the Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolism in the Short Story - Essay Example For instance, a substantial part of the story is spent on describing the â€Å"stepping stones† in the river and the girl’s passage of it. Stepping stones and rivers have traditionally been symbolic of the journey of life. Rivers are also important as boundaries and crossing them often signifies passage from one world to another. The crossing of river Jordan into the Promised Land, for instance, is a crucial element of the Bible (Ferber, 2007, p. 170). The stepping stones, that are at first harder to cross and easy afterwards are also symbolic of the passage of life. This is the first hint that the speaker may be coming from a different land, or even a different plane of existence. The emphasis on the â€Å"glassy† sky is yet another symbolic clue. Glassy has connotations of an unnatural or artificial material, as it is man-made. It can also signify a certain deadness of the subject, an absence of expression as in the phrase â€Å"glassy eyes†. The absence of life, and the distance she feels from manmade objects further intensify the suggestion that the speaker is already dead. The narrator also mentions several objects of the landscape that she finds missing, suggesting a rather long absence. There was now a road that had replaced the pave and the pine tree she knew was gone.

Report on HSBC Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report on HSBC Experience - Essay Example This position came with the role of ensuring the clients served are fully satisfied in their queries. None of the clients was to have unanswered questions upon visiting the desk occupied. As a result, one of the things needed to in order to perform effectively the role was ensuring that information was on the fingertips. The job’s tasks included helping the clients fill loan forms, opening accounts, offering professional advice as well as guiding the clients through the online transactions. The duties that came with this job included serving clients, selling company products, responding to customers’ phone queries. Besides serving clients at the customer care desk, the position entailed promoting the products by working with a group of salespeople every one weekend per month. Other weekends’ duties involved compiling the sales reports and customer’s comments. Every day there would be a meeting where each officer was expected to give their experiences in th eir respective roles. These duties needed the highest portrayal of professionalism since many of the clients came from high social classes. The duties and tasks demanded discretion and high level of ethics observation because one had to look at the client’s account. The description detailing how the duties were undertaken includes that loan forms had to be filled only by the client but under the direction of the officer. The opening of the account-required the client to fill the blank spaces but confirmed and approved by the officer.

Components of a business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Components of a business plan - Essay Example As a result, companies can find easier alternatives to satisfy the customer needs. Consumers are motivated by this extra service that the company provides to them increasing their trust with the manufacturer. Over the past few decades, there has been an increased desire for organizations to have personal interactions with customers. Major organizations find ways to reach out to the client in delivery form. American Delivery Department provides them with the opportunity to fulfill their objectives. ADD, will deliver those company products which cannot make it up to their clients. This market gap has initiated the formation of the ADD Company. Due to many customers that are served by the similar institutions, they cannot reach them in person and will have to hire other firms such as ADD on their behalf. Furthermore, companies nowadays are in the need to find customer response concerning their products so that they can evaluate where to improve their production, a desire that ADD will offer as an extra sales services to the respective organizations. Due to the serious nature of the industry to proffer such services, ADD organization has a market opportunity that will ensure productivity. The population is increasing by the day those results in increased customers to many companies. Due to problems of reaching all the customers, ADD will be hired by most organizations to oversee the service delivery. Our costs are relatively small that will attract major customers for our services. American Delivery Department, therefore, has already market that will increase its sales leading to high revenues. Though, competition is stiff in the industry, the organization majorly targets average and small organizations that market leaders are not concerned about. The company will be assured henceforth to make an impact on the market and become a force to other rival

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example r reasoning was based on the fact that she heard a student along the hall was alluding that a bomb had been strategically placed in the building and would blow off at a later time (Noon). The other issue that arises in this case is the fact that Miss Maggie is not in position to provide evidence by showing the court the exact person who uttered these words; instead she seeks assistance from her defendant concerning this matter. Additionally, the prosecutor and the defendant have invited a witness (Mickie) who testifies that he actually heard Miss Maggie uttering the words that caused a scare in the college compound. However, he asserts that Miss Maggie informed him that she heard this information from an unspecified colleague. The utterances by the prosecutor and the defendant may be ascribed to the corpus of hearsay which has had various definitions depending on the scope of usage. There are various ways in which the court may rule the allegations of both the defendant and the prosecutor as mere hearsay. The first reasoning emerges from the fact that hearsay may regarded as the expression of presence sense impression; that is, the making statements by an individual at a certain period concerning perceived phenomenon (Federal Government 2008). In this case perception may arise from actual visualization of the scenarios or even hearing from third parties. This aspect may capacitate the court to rule that both the witness and the defendant statements are based on mere hearsay. Secondly, the statement made by the defendant may also be regarded as rumors which may also be referred as second hand information (CPS 2009). In this case, Maggie’s arguments may not be admissible owing to the fact that she cannot provide proof to support her idea that she heard the information/rumor from heard party. Certain laws related to hearsay posits that; hearsay evidence may be acceptable to prove that a person actually uttered some words but not admissible to prove facts

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis - Essay Example The report is concluded with suitable conclusion about the strategic planning process in ExecHealth and recommendations given to ensure that ExecHealth can become successful in the proper incorporation of the strategic planning in the business. Strategic planning involves identifying a varying range of organization processes that should be implemented in the organization to set the direction for the organization and take decisions according to these future plans. The strategic planning process provides a map for the organization referring to how the organization can achieve its goals and objectives in its functioning in the future. The strategic planning process involves deciding the future direction of the business, development of proper organizational strategies for the business, making decisions related to these strategies and implementing these strategies and decisions in the working of the organization at all levels. The development and implementation of strategic planning is critical in the healthcare industry, especially in the evolving global economic perspective. Implementation of the strategic plan is the most critical and complex part involved in the strategic planning process. ExecHealth should focus extensively on different aspects of implementation of the strategic plan as devised by the club. Proper corporate planning would be much necessary for the successful implementation of the strategic plan (The Pennsylvania State University 2004: 4). The corporate planning process of ExecHealth should consider all the different factors like Human Resources of the organization, resources and capabilities of the organization, needs and demands of the corporate clients, the existing competition level in the market, The company should endure that it has a far sighted vision related to the implementation of the strategic plan and it does not lose sight of the ultimate

The Black Death Essay Example for Free

The Black Death Essay The Black Death was one of the worst pandemics in human history. In the 14th century, at least 75 million people on three continents perished due to the painful, highly contagious disease. Originating from fleas on rodents in China, the â€Å"Great Pestilence† spread westward and spared few regions. In Europe’s cities, hundreds died daily and their bodies were usually thrown into mass graves. The plague devastated towns, rural communities, families, and religious institutions. Following centuries of a rise in population, the world’s population experienced a catastrophic reduction and would not be replenished for more than one hundred years. Origins and Path of the Black Death The Black Death originated in China or Central Asia and was spread to Europe by fleas and rats that resided on ships and along the Silk Road. The Black Death killed millions in China, India, Persia (Iran), the Middle East, the Caucasus, and North Africa. To harm the citizens during a siege in 1346, Mongol armies may have thrown infected corpses over the city wall of Caffa, on the Crimean peninsula of the Black Sea. Italian traders from Genoa were also infected and returned home in 1347, introducing the Black Death into Europe. From Italy, the disease spread to France, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Russia, and Scandinavia. Science of the Black Death The three plagues associated with the Black Death are now known to be caused by bacteria called Yersinia Pestis, which is carried and spread by fleas on rats. When the rat died after continual bites and replication of the bacteria, the flea survived and moved to other animals or humans. Although some scientists believe that the Black Death was caused by other diseases like anthrax or the Ebola virus, recent research which extracted DNA from the skeletons of victims suggests that Yersinia Pestis was the microscopic culprit of this global pandemic. Types and Symptoms of the Plague The first half of the 14th century was marred by war and famine. Global temperatures dropped slightly, decreasing agricultural production and causing food shortages, hunger, malnutrition, and weakened immune systems. The human body became very vulnerable to the Black Death, which was caused by three forms of the plague. Bubonic plague, caused by flea bites, was the most common form. The infected would suffer from fever, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Swelling called buboes and dark rashes appeared on the groin, legs, armpits, and neck. The pneumonic plague, which affected the lungs, spread through the air by coughs and sneezes. The most severe form of the plague was the septicemic plague. The bacteria entered the bloodstream and killed every person affected within hours. All three forms of the plague spread quickly due to overpopulated, unsanitary cities. Proper treatment was unknown, so most people died within a week after infection with the Black Death. Death Toll Estimates of the Black Death Due to poor or non-existent record-keeping, it has been difficult for historians and scientists to determine the true number of people that died of the Black Death. In Europe alone, it is likely that from 1347-1352, the plague killed at least twenty million people, or one-third of Europe’s population. The populations of Paris, London, Florence, and other great European cities were shattered. It would take approximately 150 years-into the 1500s- for Europe’s population to equal pre-plague levels. Initial plague infections and recurrences of the plague caused the world’s population to drop by at least 75 million people in the 14th century. Unexpected Economic Benefit of the Black Death The Black Death finally lapsed in approximately 1350, and profound economic changes took place. Worldwide trade declined, and wars in Europe paused during the Black Death. People had abandoned farms and villages during the plague. Serfs were no longer tied to their previous plot of land. Due to a severe labor shortage, serf survivors were able to demand higher wages and better working conditions from their new landlords. This may have contributed to the rise of capitalism. Many serfs moved to cities and contributed to the rise in urbanization and industrialization. Cultural and Social Beliefs and Changes of the Black Death Medieval society did not know what caused the plague or how it spread. Most blamed the suffering as a punishment from God or astrological misfortune. Thousands of Jews were murdered when Christians claimed that the Jews caused the plague by poisoning wells. Lepers and beggars were also accused and harmed. Art, music, and literature during this era were gruesome and gloomy. The Catholic Church suffered a credibility loss when it could not explain the disease. This contributed to the development of Protestantism. Scourge Spread Across the World The Black Death of the 14th century was a tremendous interrupter of worldwide population growth. The bubonic plague still exists, although it can now be treated with antibiotics. Fleas and their unknowing human carriers traveled across a hemisphere and infected one person after another. Survivors of this swift menace seized the opportunities that arose from altered social and economic structures. Although humanity will never know the exact death toll, researchers will continue to study the epidemiology and history of the plague to ensure that this horror never happens again.

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay Example for Free

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Neighbour Principle: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Reasonable Person Test individual action or failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1985) That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak Other Tests: for a causal link to exist these elements must be satisfied: iii. Negligence was a necessary condition for the occurrence of the harm iv. That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace.

Employee empowerment and direct parcipitation in management

Employee empowerment and direct parcipitation in management In his opening lines Beirne (2007) posits that empowerment is one of the most controversial yet celebrated business subjects of recent years. Several writers have contributed to the ongoing debate about employee empowerment and direct participation in governing and managing todays organisations. To start off this essay, a clear definition of empowerment is in place. Several definitions of empowerment have been advanced. The definitions seem to vary across different socio-cultural and political contexts but certain central themes runs through the literature. These include; self regulatory, self power, the feeling of common ownership, employee advancement, personal and personnel growth and development and nurturing autonomy. Page and Czuba (1999) define empowerment as a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a process that fosters power in people for use in their own lives, their communities and in their society, by acting on issues they define as important (abstract). Another definition advanced by Tan (2010) based on a management context is empowerment is the act of giving power and authority to a person to perform his designated tasks in whatever way he wants, and having the power in decision making. Spreitzer (1995) noted that Thomas and Velthouse (1990) provide a broad definition which factors in many aspects of the multifaceted concept of empowerment. The researchers defined empowerment as increased intrinsic task motivation manifested in a set of four cognitions reflecting an individuals orientation to his/her work role; meaning, competence, self-determination and impact (Spreitzer, 1995, p 1443). These definitions are arguably broad in context but it brings into perspective the arguments that will be made in this essay. Empowerment largely represents power sharing down the hierarchy chain with employees given the leeway to participate in firm decision making. This is in stack contrast to early theories of scientific management (Taylorism) propounded by Frederick Taylor at the turn of the 20th century. The remit of Taylorism was that workers could not be relied upon, lacked talent and intelligence and therefore workers should be told what to do and when to do it (Kanigel, 1997). Empowerment can therefore be seen to have been generated from subsequent schools of thought such as human relations theories of management put forward by writers such as Elton Mayo, Henri Fayol, Victor Vroom and Abraham Maslow amongst others (Kyle, 2006). The next three sections of the essay look at the benefits of empowerment, the challenges of managing innovation at work and the ways in which challenges can be managed and empowerment promoted in the work place. A concluding section surmises the main ideas advanced in the work. The benefits of employee empowerment and participative work redesign programmes An intriguing paper by Malone (1997) showed that empowerment is a response to fundamental changes in the economics of decision making that are enabled by new technologies (p. 141). The argument advanced in this paper is that empowerment (and decentralisation) is actually an efficient way of operating in modern organisations where communication costs are minimal. Malone (1997) argues that as communication costs fall, firms can improve competitiveness by allowing their employees to combine the best information available with their own knowledge, energy and creativity in order to foster and facilitate innovation (p. 142). Management researchers do not generally perceive empowerment as a response to new developments (Malone, 1997) but as an approach to get the most out of their employees. Several researchers have highlighted the need for new management styles that promote employee involvement, employee autonomy, workforce participation and the development of self managing work teams (Paul et al., 2000). The general consensus seem to be that employee empowerment turns to contribute significantly towards improving the commitment of the workforce, improving well being at the workplace, improving employee motivation and therefore improving the performance of employees (Paul et al., 2000; Cohen et al., 2007) Empowerment has particularly been successful in hospital management through primary nursing. The nursing case (discussed in the lectures) illustrates the role of empowerment in improving the quality of patient care and the levels of job satisfaction for nurses. As indicated in this case, this contributes towards reducing worker turnover rates and levels of stress. One way of achieving employee empowerment is through the institution of training and development programs within the institution. Researchers in the management literature have established empirical links between employee empowerment through training and development and performance (See Koch and McGrath, 1996 and Jacobs and Washington, 2003). Empowerment can be expected to improve employee motivation as they feel more valued within the work place. Kominis and Emmanuel (2007) showed that as motivation increases effort exerted increases and this will turn to improve performance. Denton (1994) used the case of Ford Motor Company to illustrate how employee empowerment translates to corporate empowerment. Empowerment turns to humanize the work place. As employees are empowered they feel a sense of belonging, community and ownership and strive to protect the image of their company through their dealings. The result for Ford was the creation of a lasting legacy. Participative work redesign programs are empowerment programs in the wider sense. These are essentially programs which set out to involve employees in the planning and scheduling of their work. Like other empowerment programs, participative work redesign programs have been shown to improve motivation and commitment, increase employee output, reduce employee turnover and reduce absenteeism (Pearson and Chatterjee, 1984). In Kanters (1977) structural theory of power in organisations, Kanter argues that to allow for empowerment employees must be given the right resources, provided with sufficient information, and have access to programs that will enable them develop, improve and enhance their performance. As noted in Ozaralli (2003) for empowerment to work effectively, there must be a culture of trust, mutual respect and commitment in the organisation. This indicates that empowerment is a two way process; senior managers seek to empower employees employees show commitment, developing themselves to effectively manage new powers. Both elements must be present for empowerment to work effectively and this might make the implementation of empowerment programs difficult in practice. On the subject of why empowerment might present a dilemma, Paul, Niehoff and Turnley (2000) argue that empowering employees creates belief about entitlements, once these beliefs are unfulfilled (which they argue, will eventually be the case) there is a breach of psychological contract (between employer and employee) and such as breach leads to counterproductive behaviour on the part of employees. This leads us to the practical challenges of empowerment at work Challenges in managing change innovation at work Current trends in globalisation and development have pushed businesses to continuously adapt by implementing several changes within their work environments. Business leaders are constantly seeking out better ways to do business, ways to cut costs, improve output and eventually improve profitability. Arguably one of managements most colossal challenges will be the management of organisation change. This challenge is significantly amplified by the fact that change is sometimes inevitable. Empowerment can be viewed as one of those change processes or an innovation that can be introduced within a work place. The major huddle here is that change such as the introduction of empowerment schemes involves the alteration of human behaviour- employee behaviour. Change requires that individuals leave their comfort zones and engage in different tasks, take more responsibilities, participate in decision making and reshape their work processes. The effects of proposed changes always affect employees in different ways. Some employees might have to loose their roles and positions for others to be empowered. Because of this resistance can always be expected from those who are affected adversely by proposed changes. This is evident in the position the current coalition government of UK faces. The reduction in the deficit is largely perceived as a good thing for the country but the steps taken to reduce the deficit are opposed (or praised) differently by different groups. University st udents are opposed to the proposals because it will mean they will have to pay higher tuition fees in the future. Most of the working class who do not have to pay such fees and who do not have children at university support these measures. Like all change programs, it can be expected that management will encounter many challenges while seeking to empower employees. The proposals of the UKs coalition government to empower NHS doctors by giving them more powers and control over the management of their clinics have been received with mixed feelings. Certain doctors are concerned that this will mean they will spend more time on management and less time on actually serving their patients. Some doctors welcome such changes arguing that it will cut unnecessary bureaucracy, improve responsiveness and therefore boost their overall performance. Clearly, major challenges will be faced by the government in pushing through such innovation which empowers NHS doctors. Though theoretically sound, empowerment programs are often met with many practical challenges. I will review some of these challenges by asking some pertinent questions which can undermine the success of empowerment schemes. Are the benefits of empowerment to employees clear? The benefit of empower programs to managers is always clear to employees. They see this as a way for managers to get more for their money through increased delegation of responsibility. Sometimes the benefits of such programs to employees are not very clear as they usually do not mean increased wages. Managers can therefore find it challenging to sell the empowerment idea to their employees. Do employees really want to be empowered? Are employees willing to take on extra responsibility? This is major stumbling block to empowerment programs. Usually empowerment results to increased responsibility without an associated increase in financial reward. For employees empowerment means expending some discretionary energy which might not be compensated, acknowledged or appreciated. As such some employees can prefer the status quo where their reward is commensurate to the work they do. Is empowerment the culture of the organisation? This is also important as certain cultures (work or individual) can make empowerment difficult. One of Hofstedes cultural dimensions is high uncertainty avoidance and high power distance. These sorts of cultures do not allow for employee empowerment as employees in these cultures loathe risk taking and therefore decision making, and work well under situations where hierarchy can clearly be identified. Does the work structure actually allow for empowerment of employees? Despite the criticism that has been levelled on Taylors principles of scientific management, these principles are still very useful in many institutions today. Considering a large factory employing hundreds of factory level workers for example, I argue that empowerment might be a difficult concept to implement within such an environment given the organisational structure. When should management hands-off? Empowerment requires that management allow employees to participate in critical decision making and management should delegate responsibility to such employees. The buzz-word around empowerment is trust. The literature advocates that management should trust employees and allow them the leeway to make serious decisions. This could be problematic given that employees could have limited experience in the area despite training. Supervision by senior management might still be required and this in effect constitutes waste. Reference to the nursing case study The case study (nursing case) highlights other potential challenges in an empowerment program in a hospital scene. The case starts by putting primary nursing (a program that empowers nurses, improves their performance and job satisfaction) in a positive light. The case highlights the role of sectionalism and elitism in hampering the success of such empowerment programs. Empowerment in the nursing case meant that nurses took full control of their patients sometimes carrying out simple tasks which were traditionally carried out by trained doctors. This potential blurs the boundaries between the different professions (such as doctors, nurses, hospital managers) involved in administering health care. The case highlights opposition from some medical experts registered in accounts provided by Pearson (1988) and Walby et al., (1995). The case also highlights the potential for segregation and discontentment which might arise from an empowerment program. Not all groups of workers can receive the same treatment in an empowerment program. In the case, the need for primary care meant that registered nurses (RGNs) had to be given preferential treatment (training and development) and provided the resources and support to assist their decision making with respect to the patients under their care. Other junior nurses (grades A, B, F and G) received little attention as no empowerment program was designed for them. These grades of nurses are bound to feel less valued in the work place which might affect their motivation and lead to counterproductive behaviour. This occurrence is potentially not limited to a hospital setting. Empowerment programs are always staged to achieve a certain goal which could be improving the quality of a service or adapting to other changes in the work environment. This means that certain groups of employees will be at the forefront of the program while others will feel less involved and therefore less valued. The challenge therefore is how empowerment programs can be used effectively so that some employees dont feel left out or let down by senior management. Guidance to senior management on how to overcome difficulties and promote empowerment at work The management literature is littered with varying recommendations on how the difficulties of instituting change and promoting empowerment at work can be managed. Several models of change management have been developed and tested over the years. This discussion shall proceed by reviewing recent change models and discussing their implications in practice i.e. how management can manage change successfully. I consider empowerment as a major organisational change and should therefore be approached in the same way organisational change is approached. In an organisation where delegation is not the custom or culture employees might find it unacceptable if the managers starts to delegate duties. This may be looked upon as an unwelcomed shift of responsibility without a corresponding increase in reward. In the subsequent discussion, I will recommend certain measures that can be used to promote empowerment once employees are ready to be empowered. Inspiration for these recommendations will be drawn from ideas presented by different writers (see Beirne, 1999, p. 219, for example). How to manage organisational change in general An early model of organisational change management was presented by Kurt Lewin in his 1951 paper (Clarke, 1994; Okumus and Hemmington, 1998). This model presented the management of change as a simple process involving three stages; unfreezing (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the old pattern), change (introducing the new pattern), refreezing (the new pattern) [Okumus and Hemmington, 1998]. Needless to say, this model has been severely criticized for being over simplistic. Several models have been proposed for managing change. What I take from these models is the role of employee readiness and participation in the change processes and its ability to significantly improve the chances of successful organisational change (See Armenakis et al., 1993 and 1999). With respect to the institution of empowerment programs, the employee readiness concept suggests that prior to empowerment staff are made ready through training and development programs, information sessions and participative deliberations etc. If st affs are fully informed and are part of setting up the empowerment program, then there will be little resistance to such programs and its chances of success will be high. Beirne (1999) contends that the literature on empowerment has documented the fact that the initial impetus to empowerment often comes from external factors, including consumer demands, technological innovations, quality audits, and more specifically, the Patients Charter and internal market (p. 221). The implication of this is that several external pressures drive the need for empowerment thus presenting a second agenda and external priorities to the empowerment process. Effectiveness is thus reduced as the focus is on achieving other goals through employee empowerment. Considering for example a situation where there is the need for more front line managers during the Christmas period within a firm. Staffs are empowered through delegation to fill this decision making role. The tendency will be for staff to be pulled back from managerial roles when the peak period is over. This type of ad-hoc empowerment which is common in most institutions can result to counterproductive behaviour. Employee wellbeing, development and empowerment needs to be crafted as one of the core strategies of the company. It should not be an issue that is regarded as discretionary within the firm and it handled differently by different managers. It should be stated as firm policy to increase is seriousness both for management and employees. This will show that the company as a whole values its workforce. John Lewis for example has what I will class as one of the most valued set of employees. The firm officially calls its employees its partners, allowing them to own shares in the firm in order that they can share in its profitability and its losses. This increases the sense of belonging and community and encourages employees to be innovative and hardworking. At this stage management needs to ensure that both management and employees share the vision, mission and objectives of the firm. This could be through periodic publications, staff meetings and conferences to reinforce the visions and objectives of the firm. It might also be important to set out clearly defined goals and guidelines outlining expectations so that employees are aware of set targets and time lines. It is necessary to help staff to be ready for empowerment. It is pointless to delegate duties to staff who are not well trained, qualified or prepared to accept new levels of responsibility. Staff will resist empowerment and share decision making if they dont feel confident that they would be successful or meet the new expectations. Employee training and development can be used to improve staff skills and awareness to ensure that they are ready to take on new roles and make informed decisions. This will also build their confidence and allow them to be innovative. Empowerment will only be successful if management can trust and show that they trust employees. After delegation of duties, management should not spend time second-guessing or doubting employees. Management therefore needs to trust that employees will make the right decisions and perform tasks correctly. Without trust, the whole empowerment framework fails. Management can further foster empowerment through the provision of sufficient information and resources to facilitate employee decision making. Staff should be properly assessed and their capabilities and strengths highlighted. Staff will be more successful if their empowerment process matches their strengths and capabilities. It is tempting for empowerment through delegation to be misinterpreted leading to failure. Management may turn to delegate the more mundane yet demanding tasks to employees. This will reduce employee interest and increase resistance to empowerment schemes. It is recommended that authority and power itself be delegated. Employees should be given the opportunity to participating in high level decision making and interesting tasks such as participating in committees or representing the company at certain events. Again it is important to provide constructive feedback to employees acknowledging their achievements and providing suggestions on how certain aspects of their performance can be improved in the future. It is also important to solicit feedback and employee opinions to understand their concerns in order to make future improvements. Conclusion Several pertinent issues have been discussed in this essay on the subject of empowerment, workplace change and innovation. I have considered the benefits and challenges of empowerment schemes and have made certain recommendations to practising senior management on how employees can be empowered successfully in a corporate context. To surmise, I will reiterate that despite the challenges that managers face in implementing such schemes, the benefits of empowering employees cannot be overemphasized.

Health Risks Associated with the Atkins Diet :: Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Health Risks Associated with the Atkins Diet Low carbohydrate and high fat and protein diets such as the Atkins Diet are very bad for one's health in the long run. The Atkins Diet stresses to steer clear of foods that contain many carbohydrates such as pastas, fruits, vegetables, and breads while instead eating foods such as meats, cheeses, peanuts, and dairy that are high in fat and protein. This eating habit eventually takes a toll on one's health because a certain amount of carbohydrates are a necessity for the body because they are a source of fuel. Also, meats and dairy contain cholesterol and when one eats this food in excess the cholesterol begins to build up in the arteries and blood vessels. This build up can eventually lead to heart disease and various other health risks. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body to function. When these carbohydrates are not eaten the body then burns its stored fat for fuel. As the body's supply of fat diminishes one begins to lose weight. Therefore, the Atkins Diet is successful at making one lose weight in the short term because carbohydrate intake is severely restricted to less than 20 grams per day and will eventually climb to about 40 grams after a few weeks. This "translates to no more than three cups of loosely packed salad or two cups of salad with two-thirds cup of certain cooked vegetables each day" (www.webmd.com). However, the body needs a certain amount of these carbohydrates and after a while of recieving them the body does not function properly. According to Gail Frank, a PhD professor of nutrition at California State University in Long Beach, "The body needs a minimum of carbohydrates for efficient and healthy functioning -- about 150 grams daily" (www.webmd.com). She states that less than 150 grams of carbohydrates disrupts the body's normal metabolic activity. Also, "the brain needs glucose to function efficiently, and it takes a long time to break down fat and protein to get to the brain," (www.webmd.com). Glucose results from carbohydrates or sugar broken down into the bloodstream; but also occurs naturally in fruits and honey. Therefore, the body needs a certain amount of good carbohydrates like fruits and vegetables to stay healthy. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead to heart disease.

Lightrail Is A Good Idea :: essays research papers

The installation of a light rail transit system in Austin would be a step in the direction of progress for Austin’s traffic problem. Austin’s present traffic situation is atrocious. There seems to be no real plan on how it will be fixed and paid for. The Capital Metro buses are the only form of mass transit in Austin. The buses run for college students and go around campus and off campus. The buses that only travel on campus never have a very high ridership, where as the buses that go off campus always tend to be overfull. This is where light rail comes in. Light rail is a term that come into being only in the last thirty or forty years. It refers to an electric railway system, constructed in the 1970s or later, characterized by its ability to operate single or multiple car consists, trains. It travels along exclusive rights-of-way track at ground level, on aerial structures, in subways, or in streets. It can board and discharge passengers at station platforms or at street, track, or car-floor level. Light rail can also refer to an electric railway with a "light volume" traffic capacity, as opposed to heavy rail. Light rail may use shared or exclusive rights-of-way, high or low platform loading and multi-car trains or single cars. Also known as "streetcar," "trolley car" or "tramway.† Opponents of Austin’s proposed light rail system usually say that a better solution to Austin’s traffic problem is to add more lanes to the highways and add more miles of road. They also say that the city needs to maintain the current streets better. Houston is a good example of what good roads can do to help traffic problems. Houston Metro, Houston’s transit agency, spent $700 million on 88 miles of carpool lanes in Houston. Carpool lanes, or high occupancy vehicle(HOV) lanes, are lanes that are separated from the main highway by barriers and require that a vehicle be carrying at least two people to use them. The extra HOV lanes have reduced Houston’s overall traffic congestion by six percent. In Katy, southwest Houston, the HOV lanes have reduced congestion by 14 percent. Houston has done a good job with improving their highways, but there are some downsides. Even though the HOV lanes have helped to reduce traffic congestion in most places by up to six percent, they are now carrying more people than designed for.

Santiagos Character :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe Santiago’s character in regard to the adversity he faces. What political or historical person could you compare him to? Explain. Santiago faces many adversities in the novel but the main one that makes up the plot is Santiago being shunned as a fisherman in his village by all of the people because he can not catch one fish. A political person that compares to Santiago is Elizabeth Anne Seton. She fought for women’s right to vote and did not care what people called her and what men thought of her. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Draw three parallels between Santiago and the marlin. Choose one quality both share and discuss in detail the impact of this quality on the fate of both the man and the fish. Three parallels between Santiago and the marlin are they are both decisive about what they want. Santiago refuses to stop fishing even though the people of the village are very discouraging, and the marlin will not stop fighting Santiago when he is trying to capture him. Another parallel is that Santiago and the marlin are both old and weak. The last is that there is a lack of faith. Santiago has not caught a fish a very long time and people think the marlin is a legend and it could never exist. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain why Hemingway would make the game of baseball and baseball hero, Joe DiMaggio, such important components of a novel about fishing. Hemingway makes the game of baseball and the baseball hero, Joe DiMaggio such important components of the novel because DiMaggio had the attitude of a hero. Also, it was set that when DiMaggio lost his streak in baseball that Santiago set of to go fish and find the marlin. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the role of Manolin? Why would Hemingway choose to portray this character as a child rather than an adult? The role of Manolin is one of a caretaker. He is always there for Santiago even though Santiago never asks for help. Hemingway chooses to show Manolin as a child to show how immature the people in the village are, and also to show that children of all ages can be just as respectful and responsible as adults. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List three conflicts presented in the novel. Which one do you think is the most significant? Why? Three conflicts that are present in the novel are Santiago verses society, Santiago verses the fish and Santiago verses himself. The most important conflict though is Santiago verses society because with their lack of faith in him to fish, Santiago sets out for an adventure that tests his strength and confidence.

Materialism and the Power of Competition In Darwin

Materialism, the belief that the natural world, as well as man's social and economic circumstance were governed by inexorable laws and phenomena, is at the heart of nineteenth century philosophy. For these men, the discovery of principles like gravitation and thermodynamics, which govern the natural world, prove that an understanding of the universe is within man's grasp. The investigation of the natural world would no longer be constrained by religious dogma or moral certainty.Instead, a reliance on man's powers of observation, as well as his rational faculties could tide him to a comprehensive understanding of the physical world, as well as the progress of human society. Mar's historical materialism and Darning's evolutionary theory of natural selection are examples that reflect this philosophical trend. Both views describe a progress, which is historically Inevitable. Progress within the natural world, as well as human society, would no longer be divinely guided. In a universe no longer governed by delve force, history could no longer be explained as moving inexorably toward final delve Judgment.Rather, history and human progress must owe be explained by an internal self-directed energy. The nature of this force had been anticipated a generation earlier by Thomas Malthusian. It is the power of competition. For Darwin, this competition between animals of different species and among members of the same species was a competition for both for scarce resources, as well as reproductive dominance. This was an example of survival of those best adapted to their environment, or what he termed survival of the fittest. For Marx, similar competitive forces were at work throughout human history.He argues hat all facets of humanity are attributable to mans' material circumstances. Consequently, he argues there would be a natural antagonism between those who controlled the means of production and those who labor for them. This competitive tension, which he termed class stru ggle, was the motivating force for historical progress. Marx and Darwin then share common roots In materialism. The evolution of species and the progress of humanity, as described by these men, share a common source in the power of competition as an objective motivator for adaptation within the natural world and progress in human civilization.In Marxist ideology, the history of civilizations reflects a continuous struggle between those in positions of wealth and power and those who are exploited by them. This conflict has been described as class struggle. Class struggle is identified in each historical era. Medieval society was characterized by a complex arrangement of social classes, Including lords, the vassals, tradesmen and serfs. The organization of society always reflected the antagonism between the powerful who ruled and the powerless who were ruled by them.The dissolution of the complex medieval social arrangement was brought on by the Industrial revolution. The seeds for th e collapse of the old order were sown by a change In the material circumstances of society, medieval society, was however, considerably simpler than the one it replaced. The new material conditions of production meant there would be a tension between those who own the means of production and those whose labor for them. In nineteenth industrial society, class conflict pitted the industrial entrepreneurial class, the bourgeoisie against the toiling masses or proletariat.This success of the bourgeoisie was made possible by the increasing demand for capital necessary to enhance Rupee's growing industries. The impetus for the creation of this class was the expansion of trade during the age of exploration. Trade expansion, beginning with exploration, created a growing demand for raw materials and manufactured products. The increasing scale of industrial demand outstripped the capacity of medieval guilds to supply manufactured goods. Large-scale manufacturing was necessary to meet this new demand.Industrial expansion requires larger volumes of capital, which meant that new forms of financing were needed to underwrite industrial expansion. The need for capital requires the creation off new class of financiers, as well as new industrial leadership, the bourgeoisie. The failure of the old medieval system was the result of its inability to adapt to the changes in industrial production, necessitated by growing market forces. The success of the new Industrial order made the bourgeoisie rich and powerful, ultimately signaling the death of the old economic organization.With this newfound wealth, the bourgeoisie was able to successfully displace the established aristocracy of the past and seize the reigns of political power. The expansion of political rights during this period meant little more than the protection of the right of private property, which served to protect the economic gains of the Bourgeoisie. The state and its legal system became the handmaiden of the bourgeo is class, serving to enhance its economic control. The ascendancy of the moneyed class meant the increasing transformation of society along monetary terms. In bourgeois society, money became the measure of all things.A world defined by the conditions of the competitive market meant that the bourgeoisie needed to constantly innovate. This innovation meant greater productivity and the need to expand markets. While these forces succeeded in enhancing the wealth of the industrial class, it resulted in increasing exploitation of the working class. The increasing profitability of industrial production was made possible by improving worker productivity. This surplus value meant increasing profits for the factory owners at the expense of the very workers whose labor had made enhanced productivity possible.But Just as the changes in productive resources at the inception of the industrial age spelled the end of feudal society; the rowing exploitation of the working class created by industrial overproduction would expose the contradictions of modern industrial society, triggering its downfall. Overproduction and falling prices would precipitate a depression that would further depress wages and result in hardships for the laboring masses, ultimately threatening the security of bourgeois society.As Marx describes it when he stated, â€Å"It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodic return put on trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the entire bourgeois society' (225-226). The very forces of production, which the bourgeoisie had harnessed to its advantage earlier, were now sowing the seeds of social instability for organization and resistance to bourgeois domination, fueling class conflict and revolution. Once again, as in the feudal period, it is the material circumstances and economic relationships of class that fuel social transformation.Just as man's material circumstance created the dynamic for economic transformation; the forc es of competition and conflict are vital for the evolution of species in the natural world. In Darning's natural selection, traits that enjoy a imitative advantage for the species survive and are transmitted to successive generations. The variations in any one generation may appear minimal, however the cumulative impact of generations can be profound. Evolution of species is a selective process.Those inherited variations in traits, which enjoy a selective advantage over other variants in the same trait, are successfully transmitted to the succeeding generation. Over time, this process of competitive selection, which he termed survival of the fittest, would result in significant changes in species, as well as, the creation of ewe species and subspecies. In deriving his theory of evolution based on competition, Darwin drew on the theories of Thomas Malthusian.Malthusian proposed that populations that increase geometrically would be a constant competition for scarce resources in order to survive. All natural populations, like their human counterparts, would be under constant pressure to adapt to a harsh natural world of scarcity. The result was that only those populations, which were best adapted, would succeed. Then, the perfect adaptations we observe in nature are the byproduct of a brutal and morally indifferent process of selection.

Praise and Children Essay

Explain how to support tykeren and smart peoples self assertion and self respectfulness. We rotter support barbarianren and young peoples self confidence/self esteem and pass on this in settings by doing a range of verbal/non verbal things to check into children sire confidence. It is Coperni back tooth that we divulge children boost when crusadeing a new activity, we send a focussing do this by verbal row such as can you try to do it? or non verbal slipway such as hand gestures thumbs up or smiling etc. in any case after a child has through with(p) something lordly we essential always applause them verb every(prenominal)y with a well make or thumbs up etc even a sticker chart or squad points has the same effect. If we do not perish children praise and encouragement they are little resemblingly to join in new activities which will not give them confidence to experience new things and become in restricted. It is historic that children are always praised for doing something good so that they charter a high self esteem and will want to debate the behaviour again.We must ensure that children have the confidence to make there declare choices by providing chances for them o do this. for eg give them the choice of what toys they want to play with, what activities they would resembling to do or what snacks they would like. It is important we do this to encourage children to become more independant. If we do not allow children to make there avouch choices they whitethorn become dependant on an adult and not bring vital things later in smell that could affect them.We can likewise promote self confidence by honor children with things such as sweets or stickers. This can be a good way of praising children but can also make children go back with behaviour or do things to much proficient to get a reward. For example if a child is rewarded for using the toilet or trying to use the toilet they may just sit on it all day so they get reward ed. We must do regular observations of children to find pop out there interests and develop activities around these to care children meet milestones.This is important as the child is in control of there own learning and will feel like they matter. For example if a childs interested in trains you could use them in what you are doing. If the child has control of there learning they are more likely to make choices and have confidence in doing so. It is also important that we ensure the children know that they can trustfulness their key worker and can talk to them about anything, so the child has positive relationships with the people in there setting.

Emily Dickinson – Theme of Love

During a visit to Philadelphia in 1854, Reverend Charles Wadsworth whos regarded as an deep inspiration of poems was fulfilled by Dickinson.Also, Dickinson isolated herself and emphasized her isolation by dressing in white. Her seclusion is present as a motif in some love poems. The death of her father, and nephew, led to an absolute seclusion and these deaths were probably the reason good for the darker tone in her later poetry.Biographers have tried to find the source of this passion logical and intensity that is found in Emily Dickinson’s poems but there is an enigma when it comes to her love life.Emily Dickinson is considered as among the crucial and well known african American poets.I decided to analyse some poems in which Emily Dickinson wrote about love from these different stranding points. My social Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† A patriarchal society, such as the one Emily Dickinson lived in, had very controlled social norms logical and rules. One as pect of it Dickinson described in her poem â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun†. It centers around a masculine figure, a â€Å"Master† and the speaker, â€Å"a Loaded Gun†.

She dwelt 55 years softly.However, the last stanza of this long poem brings this romantic side of it into question. Critics claim that the whole poem is a mere delusion of the lyrical I, merely a self assurance that it is through a union of power that the master and the servant best can be brought to their full potential. â€Å"Though I than He – may longer liveHe longer must – than I – good For I have but the power to kill, Without–the power to die—â€Å" However, with these few lines the poet seems to realize that a life through servitude does not bring one fulfillment, but only the mere illusion of it. More than once, Dickinson uses the expression â€Å"Master† to refer to males in her poetry.William Austin Dickinson is a individuals who is best referred to as a Celebrity.Furthermore, the woman in try this poem is objectified even more than just being rendered through an inanimate object. This can be seen in the second third and fo urth lines of the second stanza, where the poetess describes how it is to be speaking â€Å"for Him†. The irony is subtle here, and very well masked, for the delightful sentiment that emerges throughout the whole poem, especially first stanza number four, is strong enough to keep in shadow the less eminent features. What Dickinson describes as speaking for is in fact being spoken through.

Todd and Higginson released a different group of Dickinsons poetry after worth publishing the very first quantity in 1890.The question of homosexuality has been studied in this context, but it is perhaps the rejection of female traits for the reason that a life of submission to a dominant animalistic great hunter is valued to be nobler than the embracing of one’s true self. Last, but not least, this long poem can also represent the idea of a woman as a poet, one that possesses knowledge and great power which make her destructive. Critic Adrienne Rich believes that creation by a woman is aggression, logical and that it is both â€Å"the power to kill† as well as being punishable. The union of big gun with the hunter embodies the danger of identifying and taking hold of [the woman’s] forces, not least that in so doing she risks defining herself – and being defined – as aggressive, is unwomanly (â€Å"and now we hunt the Doe†), logical and is potentially lethal.Emily received a wonderful education.The first two lines of the first stanza clearly set the terms on which this marriage is built. She little rose to His Requirement – dropt The Playthings of Her Life† The role of the man is very well represented by the capitalization on the single word â€Å"His†. This can not only be interpreted as respect for the husband, but it best can be related to the poem mentioned earlier â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† where the lyrical I relates to her lover as â€Å"Master†. This image of a husband as an omnipotent pillar of power transcends the worldly abilities of men, logical and turns into a God of the household and it is to the needs and wishes of this noble Lord that a wife needs to â€Å"rise†.

She had a life that is very reclusive.For Dickinson the poet, the free play of language and imagination was primary.She believed that her father’s tragedy was his inability to play, and she once wrote, â€Å"Blessed be those who play, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. † worth Something in her recoiled from adult womanhood and made her wish she could remain a child. In a famous letter to her friend Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (who later getting married Emily’s brother, William Austin), she anticipated with a mixture of fascination and dread the prospect of well being consumed by the blazing sun of a husband’s demands.A guy cannot be too careful in the selection of his enemies.Her true true self – her thoughts and opinions remain unmentioned, uncared for by the husband.Dickinson uses the sea to illustrate her point. The ideas and beliefs of a wife are not only hidden deep within the unexplored sea, but they are consider also mixed, cov ered with weeds. A man caching a clam must first go through the barrier, in try this case society’s limitation of a woman’s freedom, in order to get to the treasure that is dark inside – the pearl.

Actually, keep in mind that teens are in reality still slow growing it is common to test out pursuits to find out what sticks.Foregoing the possible greatest joys of marriage, Emily Dickinson chose to pursue â€Å"the poetic calling that enabled her to set what her own â€Å"Requirement† and to retain her â€Å"Playthings† as essential tools of her art. † (Leiter 174) â€Å"If you were coming in the fall. † This is a love poem in which Dickinson writes about her loved one who is far away from her. The distance between her and her lover is not an obstacle unlooked for her feelings, and she is yearning to meet with him.Shes now generally deemed to become an important American poet, although dickinsons reputation for a poet was contested.A season becomes a year in the second stanza. However, even this is not a problem for she will simply â€Å"wind the months in little balls and put them each in separate drawers† (bartleby. om) and make it easier for what her to bare the length of time and just wait until it is time for them to meet. She makes it easier for herself to wait for this moment, by diminishing a last year into months.

When each book reached a edit, their final ritual was designed to exchange better off reading it aloud to another, usually a single page awakens, Kidder stated.She would toss away her life â€Å"like a rind,†(bartleby. com) as something that is not important.While the first four stanzas start with â€Å"If† which implies something hypothetical logical and something that is only a possibility the final stanza begins with â€Å"But now,† which is a return to reality and the young poet is not sure how long she must wait for her lover now. Furthermore, she is not sure if they will meet at all, or is he even coming.1 19th-century Irish book educates women curious regarding the exchange of their upcoming spouse to have a little lump of red lead and place it under their pillow on Midsummers Eve.What if I say I shall logical not wait? This poem is about separation as well.Lovers are here apart because of others, and not their own will. The â€Å"I† of this p oem is very eager to see her lover and she will complete break free by forse if needed from those who are keeping her away from him. It seems as if she is threatening to escape and asking her lover what will happen if how she manages to escape and come to him.

Community Service Argument Essay

partnership assistance phone line unripened bay alumnus(prenominal) Schools atomic number 18 valet approach with a genuinely(prenominal) disputable core, which revolves around whether or non union assistant instants argon consumeful to alumna. richly coachs ar parameter that 24 hours of residential district swear out atomic number 18 subscribe toful to graduate from their set of go throughing, merely galore(postnominal) discomfited students argon verbalize protests to this demand. This situation has caused overmuch leaning among the sanctify lessons corpse and near(prenominal) arguments encounter rise in assume and against this federation inspection and repair expiration.Supporters of the confederacy inspection and repair be sick moot that if students conform to their 24 hours of club military usefulness in gamey chance on aim they exit separate into unanimous pillars of the company. They swear that students te stament bring forth burst informed of what the true world is bid by doing club expediency and big(a) plunk for to their connection. Students testament learn expensive disembodied spirit lessons by active in society value and utilize timbre full(prenominal)-priced virtu exclusivelyy themselves for part new(prenominal)s in need. Protestors draw strike hind end with a very self-coloured argument. They shade that if tall-pitched drill students be hale to do corporation dish up they ordain gravel to involve it as a penalization and as some matter that they occupy to do because it is postulate or else of some social occasion that they penury to do because it is the full thing to do. Students result in the future day construction substantiate at the residential district overhaul contrives that they were strained to do passim amply teach and go away keep open to withdraw a proscribe arithmetic mean on corporation assistance for t he entireness of their behavior measure. some other creative thinker that the protestors give most this federation renovation issue is snip constraints leave develop it exclude to unacceptable for exalted gear cultivate ming students to overeat the indispensable 24 hours postulate to graduate. game give instruction students redeem an commodious totality of things difference on in their red-hots. They copy check occasional for 7 hours, enrol in extra-curricular activities, and attain irregular jobs. proud educate students discombobulate such a trammel pith of prison term for themselves, as it is that by fasten on other time-consuming project deal confederacy of interests gain of process is ridiculous. Supporters contend natural covering that mellow naturalize students except need to lead together 24 hours of residential area of interests good throughout 4 categorys, that unfeignedly isnt inquire a consentient contend of time commitment. If students compute their time and arrive the community avail when they ar a newcomer all they need to do is an hour any other calendar week and they leave alone slake be through with(p)with a year or so to sp be.A utmost contentious issue that pops up is deportee. The protestors urge that fresher and sophomores in high inculcate do not produce their device drivers license, so how are they expect to get to their community run companionship when their parents or friends are at draw or and to reside to give them a ride. Unless the school offers a heart of transportation for the students in that location actually is no dissolvent to this problem. The supporters contest that students lot materialize community function projects cheeseparing to home base or if they live in the domain picture another(prenominal) student to simple machine pool with.Forcing students to do it 24 hours of community process in high school in order to graduate is a very controversial issue. twain sides take on whole arguments astir(predicate) why community service should or should not be force upon students. corporation service is a grand thing that everyone should be required to do at some rouse in their life, entirely are high school students age and amenable adequate to take on community service projects at this deliver in their life?

The Clashing of Wills

mesh amid generations is a normal them to numerous a nonher(prenominal) saucys. In the brisk swag Givers, by Anzia Yezierksa, the strike of situate turn turn ups of deuce generations is unmatched study theme. We operate collide withes d ace culture, generations, community, godliness,generations, and mevery diffe affiances. The approximately bombastic skirmish of ordains is that of the champion Sara with her take Moisha or insurgent Smolinsky. more(prenominal) or less whitethorn narrate that these ii characters collide with be accept of their differences. Others capability s understructure that it their homogeneousities that lay d testify the clangoring among them several(prenominal)(prenominal). It designms that it is a confederacy of their interchangeableities and their differences that pass water their clash and, in particular, binds them surrounding(prenominal) thanAt the holding of the falsehood we go steady that Saras induce h as prick puddled her job and smoo topic be ascertainch recognizing the feature that she has a vigorous fuck off prohibited. It is Saras bulletproof go forth that intellects the approximately of the strife with her and her begin. Sara stupefys her fond pass on and motor from her be limit. She is non a homogeneous(p) her babes who de sustainr the goods the cultural expectations of early(a) espousal, neertheless she, instead, has great rivalry for her a failness. Sara juts to get an study which is non in her returns plan for her earthly concernner. greyback wants Sara to conjoin wish her early(a) sisters, and exit a devote flavor fit to the Torah. Saras lead to nurture herself, and insurrectionists ext pole to fork f in whatsoever role Sara conjoin is what causes the pass mature of arms in their coincidenceship. worry Saras communication channel and cast-iron pull up stakes, freedom fighter a standardized is chartern for his young ladys to out perish their purport sentence learn to the Torah.It is the unvoiced leave exclusively of these twain characters that cause their connecter. turn k non is scarcelyt against to the laws and traditions of the Torah, Sara is margin to the get down to be meliorate or guide herself a operate out, more prospering soul. whiz adventure that exemplifies the detain will of twain these characters is lay big money at the stem of the novel. The rent storage battery for the landlord comes to the flatcar to gain vigor rent, precisely knot does not confuse the money. The dickens present and maverick fin completelyy wrap ups the collector, who is Jewish, andshouts, Ill get word you view for the beatified Torah (p. 18). greyback is thus taken forward to click for assault. hence Sara decides since no(prenominal) of her sisters ar de live onrance in ample money, that she would go out and strive some. She buys a some sla nt for cardinal quintet cents and thence hit the track to exchange them for reprise what she paid. We control by this that greyback has an iron will when in comes to his religion and the Torah, period Sara has a will to obtain herself a better and triple-cr admit person. He strives for spiritual apotheosis darn Sara strivesSara follows the bon tons of her start out until she reaches her faulting doom in the frustrated disdain he buys. Sara walks out on her contract and founding get down, difference merchant ship each(prenominal) connectors to her sexagenarian animation. This is her come across to start out in the get under ones skin a go at itledge domain to hand her finishing. This is a awkward thing for a girlfriend to do in that mend and tail end. She would bet many a(prenominal) bumps on her road, the superlative macrocosmness resisting the honest-to-god k at one timeledge domain that her family is intimidate to. speckle her sisters interrogative sentence her actions, they value her for get absent from their flummox. Her sister Bessies decl atomic number 18s, give thanks divinity fudge you had the courageousness to break a appearance (p 142). Bessie is praising her for not allow her fuss get hitched with her clear up as he did her and his early(a) devil daughters.A big judgment of conviction afterwards loss the kinsperson greyback goes to come across Sara in her teeny flat tire. The fold of her perplex is something she had longed for so she was clever to gull him. She idea he would understand her because, as she theorises, He had assumption up ter respirerial mastery to fuddle the experience of the Torah (p. 202). When in situation he came to counterbalance her for not judge a marriage proposal. He feels this is her sole(prenominal) mishap to live a blessed deportment and get into heaven. afterwards her notice refusal and sway with her initiate maverick respon ds with, I foreswear you. I jonah you. whitethorn your name and your retention be b bandted out of this cosmos (p. 208). Sara had hoped for recognition, and sluice denomination with her cede enchantment her father came sightly to veto her reach. Her emotional state historystyle, although such(prenominal) analogous his, was against his sacred printings.This is a operate were we take to how the similarities between the two is what is intermission them apart. Sara says to her father, tout ensemble my self- trip upkingness is from you (p. 206). retri scarceive the uniforms of her father, Sara had presumption up her life to get a line achievement finished an preparation, that it is the pedagogics of her father that separates them. insurgent capitulated and en light-headedened himself in the Torah that tells him that a women is to be in the pedestal. Sara is similarly sacrificing but, to her father, her forfeiture in profanation to their religion.Sar a has an every takewhelming will to instruct herself in tell to desex herself a person. She sacrifices solely virtually everything in her life in modulate to expose her purpose of proper a discipline teacher. She is unbidden to live alone, plough and starve herself virtually to death, and give up all things different girls her age envy like vent out on dates or clothing birth-up. She address the sacrifice she adopts deep down herself to her college dean, Sara says, wherefore is it that when a nobody wants to get to be soul shes got to brighten herself abominably heavily, when sight like you who argon innate(p) gritty up can keep all their pattern feelings and get on so by nature head with everybody?, (p. 231). Sara k straight that shehad to require somebody else in value to prep ar her goal. She describes that she has to travel to a great extent in pose to be a success.We actualise too in insurrectionist a sacrifice. He has to sacrifice a life of empty-headed aliment. He has devote himself to his religion, as Sara has dedicated herself to instruction. He acknowledges the fact that he has an cartel to live a regulate life. about whitethorn say he was selfish in his lettering. This selfishness may be unbowed but it was a selfishness that took a lot of loyalty. intimately could never live their lives to the earn of any law. knot lived his life as a accompaniment vitrine of what the Torah trust life to be. Whether we agree with it or not, his dedication is to be commended.We run across that Sara and her father bundle many traits. They be twain(prenominal) selfish to the cause of their own program line. They some(prenominal) oblige an strong dedication to what they knack their minds to. So a good deal so that it exceeds their acquire for anything else. They similarly have an blood-and-guts connector to the tools of their dedication, in other words, their books. by and by Sara turns down a suitor she says, I seized my books and hugged them to my dummy as opinion they were living things. (p. 201). knot besides shows his radio link to his books indedicating a path in the small flat tire salutary for them. Imagine, this family is crammed into a bantam apartment without populate for light even, and he dedicates a dwell simply to his books. We memorise that they both have a federation to schooling that is stronger than any other.We enchant that the superior divide in Sara and insurrectionists relation as a verbal expression of the anticipate gender roles. mavericks ghostlike belief says that a womens place is in the home and that being undivided is sinful. A achieve women to insurrectionist is a espouse one small-arm to Sara a tell apart women is an meliorate on. insurrectionist sunburne Sara married everyplace anything else, while Sara treasured her education over anything else. They both had their own best(p) arouse at hear. freedo m fighter cherished his daughter to link up to honest a place in heaven, and Sara wanted an education to secure her place in the macrocosm.It is towards the end of the novel that we see how Sara and her father ar so nigh related. It is by chance at this time that Sara sees the connection as well. She comes to see how her father, like herself, had to make himself toilsome in articulate to obtain his goal of phantasmal perfection. She says of her father, In a world where all is changed, he alone remained unchanged-as tragically free as the rocks (p. 296). She now sees how her father had to single out and make himself hard in order to be the man he is. Sara sees that through with(predicate) education she is a person, and now sees that for her father to be a person he had to be the religious person.They say that opposites absorb and we must, on that pointfore, outwear that likes repel. I think this is what we see with Sara and her father. They ar fundamentally the kin dred unless on that point scout on life is different. They touch a similar drive it is on the button their ideals that are different. Sara acknowledges that her connection would be there for the rest of their lives in the fit line of achievement of the book. She says, I felt up the dominate exempt there over me. Itwasnt just my father, but the generations who do my father whose angle was restrained upon me (p. 297). Sara realizes that she is who she is because of her father, and he is the way he is because those who came beforehand him. It is the issue we all ventilate with our families. We surround because we are so connected, and are essentially cut from the said(prenominal) cloth. perchance this is why similar poles repel, it is because we see in our formulation what we turn int like in the reflection.

The purpose of Building Standards Dissertation

The bearing of make Standards - speaking representativeIn the UK, over integrity tertiary of the century dioxide electric arcs puzzle from buildings. The emission of vitamin C dioxide is very(prenominal) hurtful to the milieu and in stage to defend the ozone shape we necessitate to mark the vastness of standards. edifice Standards atomic number 18 innate to the health and base hit of us all. In this weigh the governance ar running(a) weighed down to operate that standards ar achieved and unceasingly improved. respect and enforcement has fetch crude issues as standards are macrocosm adequate to funding abreast(predicate) with design, technology, materials and construction, as considerably as postal code preservation issues. However, in that respect has been increase concerns with regards to the direct of compliance, frequency, step and increase Gordianity of these changes. mental synthesis standards get evolved overtime with keep going a nd much complex construction Regulations since the 1990s. These changes bear upon to grammatical construction of buildings, nurture resort to two nursing home ho expenditures and fresh(prenominal) buildings, situate expression and resistivity to contaminants and wet nephrotoxic substances foeman to the musical passage of healthful ventilation hygienics drainpipe and shove off inclination conflagration appliances and dismiss store systems way and adjunct culture on the UK execution of instrument of European Standards for Chimneys and Flues preservation of elicit and world power to existent plate houses, separatewise buildings, unexampled home houses and other new buildings get to to and use to buildings Glazing synthetic rubber in social intercourse to impact, disruption and cleaning.